Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is moving from niche pilot projects to a global climate strategy worth billions. Once seen as a backup plan, it’s now racing to the forefront — from massive U.S. industrial hubs to China’s fast-expanding carbon pipelines. Supporters call it essential for tackling the world’s toughest emissions in steel, cement, and energy. Critics warn it could be a costly detour.
As governments, investors, and big tech pour money into CCS, one question looms: can it deliver the deep carbon cuts needed to hit net zero by 2050?
This guide walks you through everything you need to know: how CCS works, the latest technologies, the biggest projects and market leaders, and where the fastest growth is happening.
We’ll also explore market trends, policy drivers, corporate demand, and the risks investors should watch. Whether you’re new to CCS or tracking it as a climate tech opportunity, this resource covers the science, the strategy, and the business potential shaping the future of carbon removal.
What is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)?
Carbon Capture and Storage is a climate technology designed to prevent carbon dioxide (CO₂) from entering the atmosphere. It captures CO₂ emissions from places like power plants, cement factories, and steel mills. This happens before the emissions can add to global warming.
A related term is Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS). It takes things further by using captured CO₂ in products like synthetic fuels, building materials, or plastics.
The key difference between CCS and CCUS lies in the “U” — utilization. In CCS, the captured CO₂ is permanently stored underground, while in CCUS, part or all of that CO₂ is repurposed for industrial use before storage.
This technology helps fight climate change. It can reduce emissions from hard-to-decarbonize industries. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) both recognize CCS as a critical tool for achieving net-zero targets.
Global climate agreements, like those at the annual UN Climate Change Conferences (COP), stress that CCS is key to limiting global temperature rise to below 1.5°C.
How Carbon Capture Works: A Step-by-Step Process
CCS works in three main stages — capture, transport, and storage — with an optional fourth step for utilization. Let’s break down each one of them.
- Capture: The process starts by separating CO₂ from other gases produced during industrial processes or electricity generation. This can be done at power plants, cement kilns, oil refineries, and other facilities. Special chemical solvents, membranes, or advanced filters are used to remove CO₂ from flue gas or fuel before combustion.
- Transport: Once captured, CO₂ must be moved to a storage or utilization site. The most common method is through high-pressure pipelines. In some cases, ships or even trucks carry CO₂ over long distances, especially if storage sites are far from industrial hubs.
- Storage: For permanent storage, CO₂ is injected deep underground into geological formations such as saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas fields. These sites are chosen for their ability to trap CO₂ securely for thousands of years, with monitoring systems in place to detect any leaks.
- Utilization: In CCUS projects, some or all of the captured CO₂ is reused instead of being stored immediately. It can be converted into synthetic fuels, used in making cement and plastics, or even injected into greenhouses to boost plant growth. While utilization does not always result in permanent storage, it can reduce the need for fossil-based raw materials.
Tech Toolbox: The Many Ways of Capturing Carbon
CCS is not a single technology. Different methods are used depending on the type of facility, the fuel being used, and the stage at which CO₂ is removed. The main types are:
Post-combustion capture: This is the most common method today. CO₂ is removed from the exhaust gases after fuel has been burned. Chemical solvents or filters separate the CO₂ from other gases before it is compressed for transport.
Pre-combustion capture: Here, the fuel is treated before it is burned. The process converts the fuel into a mixture of hydrogen and CO₂. The CO₂ is separated and stored, while the hydrogen can be used to produce energy without direct emissions.
Oxy-fuel combustion: In this method, fuel is burned in pure oxygen instead of air. This creates a stream of exhaust that is mostly CO₂ and water vapor, making it easier to capture the CO₂.
Direct Air Capture (DAC): DAC removes CO₂ from the air instead of just one source. It uses big fans and chemical filters to do this. It can be used anywhere but requires more energy because CO₂ in the air is less concentrated.
As of end-2024, around 53 DAC plants were expected to be operational globally, rising to 93 by 2030 with a capacity of 6.4–11.4 MtCO₂/year.
Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS): This approach combines biomass energy production with carbon capture. Plants absorb CO₂ while growing, and when the biomass is burned for energy, the emissions are captured and stored. This can result in “negative emissions,” removing CO₂ from the atmosphere.
Global Race: Which Countries Are Winning CCS Leadership
Carbon capture and storage is now a reality. It’s in operation in many countries, with numerous projects either planned or being built. CCS technology is still new compared to global emissions. But momentum is growing.
Governments, industries, and investors are now committing to large-scale deployment. CCS capacity differs between regions:
United States
The U.S. leads CCS deployment, holding about 40% of global operational capacity. By mid-2024, facilities captured roughly 22–23 Mt CO₂ annually. Growth is driven by the expanded 45Q tax credit under the Inflation Reduction Act, rewarding storage and utilization. Flagship projects include Petra Nova in Texas and Midwest CCS hubs serving ethanol, fertilizer, and industrial sites.
Canada
Canada hosts pioneering projects like Boundary Dam (the world’s first commercial coal CCS) and Quest in Alberta, capturing CO₂ from hydrogen linked to oil sands. National capacity is ~4 Mt per year, supported by a federal CCS investment tax credit targeting heavy industry and clean hydrogen.
Norway
Norway has led offshore CO₂ storage since the Sleipner project began in 1996, injecting ~1 Mt annually into a saline aquifer. The Northern Lights project, part of Longship, will create a shared CO₂ transport and storage network for European industries.
China
China’s CCS capacity grew from ~1 Mt/year in 2022 to over 3.5 Mt in 2024, mainly in coal-to-chemicals, gas processing, and EOR. CCS is now part of national climate strategies, signaling rapid expansion.
United Kingdom
The UK’s cluster model links industries via shared pipelines and offshore storage. The East Coast Cluster and HyNet, due late 2020s, could together capture over 20 Mt CO₂ annually.
Australia
Australia’s ~4 Mt/year capacity includes the massive Gorgon gas-linked CCS facility in Western Australia, despite operational setbacks. With vast geological storage potential, the country aims to be a CO₂ storage hub for Asia’s export industries.
Total Operational Capacity and Growth
As of 2024, global CCS facilities in operation had a combined capture capacity of just over 50 million tonnes of CO₂ per year. This shows steady growth, up from about 40 Mt a few years ago. However, it still accounts for just a small part of the over 40 billion tonnes of CO₂ emitted worldwide each year.
However, the project pipeline is expanding quickly. The facilities being built will double the current capacity. Early development projects might raise global capacity to over 400 million tonnes per year by the early 2030s if they stay on track.
The Rise of CCS Hubs and Clusters
A key trend in the industry is the creation of CCS hubs—shared infrastructure networks where multiple companies use the same transport and storage systems. This model lowers costs and speeds up deployment by avoiding the need for every facility to build its own pipeline or storage site.
The U.S. Midwest ethanol corridor, Norway’s Northern Lights, and the UK’s industrial clusters are among the most advanced examples. These hubs usually form close to industrial areas. Here, emissions are high, and the current infrastructure, like pipelines and ports, can be adjusted for CO₂ transport.
Why CCS Matters in the Climate Fight
Carbon capture and storage is not meant to replace renewable energy or other climate solutions. Instead, it focuses on the toughest parts of the emissions problem—places where cutting CO₂ is especially hard or expensive. Experts call these hard-to-abate sectors.
Hard-to-Abate Sectors
Some industries can’t simply switch to clean electricity. For example, making steel requires very high heat and chemical reactions that release CO₂. Cement production also releases CO₂ as a byproduct of making clinker, the key ingredient in concrete.
Chemical plants and refineries have complex processes that generate large amounts of CO₂. Even aviation faces limits, since planes can’t yet fly long distances on batteries alone. CCS can capture emissions from these sources. This helps reduce climate impact while keeping production running.
Here is the technology’s application in various industries:
Role in Meeting the 1.5°C Target and Net-Zero by 2050
To avoid the worst effects of climate change, scientists say global warming must be kept to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. That means reaching net-zero emissions by around 2050.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has run hundreds of models to see how this can be done. In most scenarios, CCS plays a key role. Without it, the cost of meeting climate targets could rise by 70% or more, because other solutions would have to carry the full load.
Synergies with Clean Hydrogen, Carbon Markets, and Industrial Strategy
CCS also works well with other low-carbon solutions. CCS captures CO₂ that would escape when producing clean hydrogen, especially “blue hydrogen” from natural gas. This creates a cleaner fuel for use in transport, heating, and industry.
In carbon markets, CCS can generate credits for each tonne of CO₂ captured and stored. These credits can be sold to companies looking to offset their emissions. Governments are also linking CCS to industrial strategy by building shared hubs and pipelines. These will serve multiple factories, power plants, and fuel producers. This makes CCS cheaper and faster to deploy.
Endorsements from the IEA and UN
The International Energy Agency (IEA) calls CCS “critical” for reaching net zero, especially in heavy industry. It estimates the world will need to store 1.2 billion tonnes of CO₂ each year by 2050.
The United Nations also recognizes CCS in its climate plans. It has been featured in multiple COP agreements as a key technology for both reducing emissions and removing CO₂ from the atmosphere. These endorsements matter because they help drive policy support, funding, and international cooperation.
CCS Investment and Financing: How Much Does It Cost?
Carbon capture and storage can make a big impact on emissions. But it comes with a high price tag. Most projects cost between $50 and $150 for every tonne of CO₂ (and even over $400 for some technologies) captured and stored.
The lower end usually applies to large industrial sites near storage locations. The higher end often applies to smaller or more complex projects, or those that require long transport pipelines.
Government Support
Governments play a key role in making CCS affordable. In the U.S., the 45Q tax credit offers up to $85 per tonne for CO₂ stored underground and $60 per tonne for CO₂ used in other industrial processes.
Canada provides an Investment Tax Credit (ITC) covering up to 50% of eligible CCS costs. In Europe, the Innovation Fund supports early-stage CCS and other low-carbon projects, offering billions in grants.
Blended Finance and Partnerships
Because CCS is expensive, many projects rely on blended finance—a mix of public and private funding. Oil and gas companies invest in cutting carbon emissions. Meanwhile, governments help by offering grants and tax breaks.
Public-private partnerships are common, especially for shared CCS hubs where multiple companies use the same pipelines and storage sites. International lenders, such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, are funding CCS in emerging economies.
Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM)
CCS can also generate carbon removal credits for sale in the voluntary carbon market. These credits are purchased by companies aiming to offset their emissions.
While VCM prices vary, high-quality removal credits often sell for $100 per tonne or more, making them a potential revenue stream for CCS operators. Market demand for CCS-based credits is still growing. It relies on trust in the technology’s monitoring and verification.
Investor Angle: How to Invest in the CCS Industry
Interest in carbon capture and storage is rising among ESG, climate tech, and energy transition investors. The global CCS market was valued at about $4.5 billion in 2023 and could grow to more than $20 billion by 2033, according to industry forecasts. This growth is being driven by stricter climate policies, corporate net-zero pledges, and rising carbon prices.
Public Stocks
Investors can buy shares in companies directly involved in CCS. Examples include Aker Carbon Capture (Norway), Occidental Petroleum (U.S.), Air Liquide (France), and ExxonMobil.
Many oil and gas majors now see CCS as essential to keeping their assets viable in a low-carbon future. These firms are investing billions in CCS hubs and carbon removal partnerships.
Private Startups
Private markets offer exposure to emerging technologies like DAC. Leading firms include Climeworks (Switzerland), CarbonCapture (U.S.), and Heirloom (U.S.).
DAC projects are smaller today but attract premium interest from tech backers and climate-focused venture capital. In 2022 alone, DAC startups raised over $1 billion in funding.
ETFs and Funds
There are also climate-focused ETFs and funds that include carbon removal technologies as part of their portfolios. These funds reduce risk by investing in various companies. They focus on CCS, renewable energy, hydrogen, and other low-carbon solutions.
Carbon Credit Markets
Some investors buy into CCS through the carbon credit market. This can be done by funding CCS or DAC projects that issue carbon removal credits.
Platforms like Puro.earth and CIX (Climate Impact X) connect investors with verified carbon removal projects. Credits from high-quality CCS projects can fetch $100–$200 per tonne depending on location and verification standards.
Due Diligence
Before investing, it is important to check policy risk, technology readiness, cost curves, and scalability. CCS works best in large industrial hubs with access to geological storage. Finally, watch these key sectors because they will likely drive demand and scale for CCS:
- The oil & gas sector uses CCS for enhanced oil recovery and to lower its emissions.
- Cement firms need CCS because their production process emits CO₂ that can’t be avoided easily.
- Hydrogen—especially blue hydrogen—depends on CCS to cut its carbon footprint.
- DAC startups aim to remove CO₂ directly from the air and may sell high-value removal credits.
- And carbon marketplaces and registries will shape how removal credits are priced and trusted.
These areas have the most potential to scale quickly as policies tighten and carbon prices rise.
Risks, Challenges, and Criticism of CCS
While CCS has strong potential as a climate solution, it faces several challenges that investors, policymakers, and project developers must consider.
- High Capital Costs and Slow ROI: Large CCS projects cost hundreds of millions to billions of dollars. At $50–$150 per tonne captured, returns depend on strong policy support, carbon pricing, or premium credits, with payback periods often spanning years.
- Energy Requirements and Lifecycle Emissions: CCS uses significant energy, sometimes from fossil fuels. Without low-carbon power, net emissions savings shrink, making efficiency improvements essential.
- Storage Risks: Leakage, Permanence, and Monitoring: Geological storage is generally safe, but leakage is possible. Continuous monitoring ensures CO₂ remains underground for centuries.
- Debate Over Fossil Fuel Dependency vs. Genuine Decarbonization: Critics say CCS can prolong fossil fuel use. Supporters argue it’s vital for industries like cement and steel.
- Policy Uncertainty and Lack of Global Standards: Policy changes can undermine project economics. The absence of global CO₂ measurement standards adds risk to cross-border investments.
Market Outlook (2024–2030): What’s Next for CCS?
The world is gearing up for a big expansion in carbon capture and storage. But just how fast will CCS grow—and what could power that growth?
Growing CCS Pipeline and Capacity
Momentum is clearly building. The Global CCS Institute reports a record 628 projects in the pipeline—an increase of over 200 from the previous year.
The expected annual capture capacity from these projects is 416 million tonnes of CO₂. This amount has been growing at a 32% rate each year since 2017. Once the current construction is completed, operational capacity is set to double to more than 100 Mt per year.
Similarly, the IEA sees global capture capacity rising from roughly 50 Mt/year today to about 430 Mt/year by 2030, with storage capability reaching 670 Mt/year.
Still, this is only a start. To meet global climate goals, CCS will need to scale much more, lasting into the billions of tonnes annually.
Policies Fueling Momentum
Governments are shoring up policy support to accelerate CCS rollout. Here are the regional trends so far:
- In the U.S., the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) expanded the 45Q tax credit—making CCS more financially appealing for project developers.
- The EU’s Net-Zero Industry Act and updated Industrial Carbon Management Strategy aim to help the region capture at least 50 Mt by 2030, rising to 280 Mt by 2040.
- Across the Asia-Pacific, countries like Australia are positioning themselves as carbon storage hubs. With strong geology and policy backing, Australia could generate over US$500 billion in regional carbon storage revenue by 2050.
Corporate Buyers Powering Demand
Major companies are not just talking—they’re signing deals:
- Microsoft stands out as a leading buyer of carbon removal credits. It has contracted close to 30 million tonnes. This includes 3.7 million tonnes over 12 years with startup CO280 and 1.1 million tonnes in a 10-year deal with Norway’s Hafslund Celsio project.
- Shopify co-founded Frontier—a $925 million advance market commitment—with other big names like Stripe and Alphabet. It has also purchased over $80 million in carbon removal from startups using DAC, enhanced weathering, and other technologies.
These corporate purchases show a strong demand for CCS-backed removal credits. They also help build a stable market for project developers.
Carbon Pricing, ESG Rules, and Global Markets
CCS is also benefiting from broader climate market trends:
- Carbon pricing and trading systems globally are starting to include CCS credits. As prices rise, CCS projects can improve their economics.
- ESG reporting and net-zero commitments are increasing transparency and accountability. Firms are expected to show real results—CCS helps deliver that.
- The rise of international carbon markets and registries is creating standardized ways to value and certify carbon removals. This makes CCS credits more trustworthy and investable.
Quick Take
By 2030, CCS capacity could rise eightfold—from 50 million to over 400 million tonnes. This growth is being driven by government policy, big corporate offtake deals, and a maturing carbon credit market. While still far from what’s needed to fully tackle climate change, the CCS sector is clearly moving from pilot stage to commercial reality
The Role of CCS in a Net-Zero Future
CCS isn’t a silver bullet. It’s a vital tool that works with renewables, electrification, and nature-based solutions like reforestation.
Renewables stop future emissions. CCS tackles the emissions that still exist, especially from old infrastructure in steel, cement, and chemicals. These are costly and slow to replace.
CCS captures emissions at the source. This helps extend facility lifespans and supports climate goals. It’s especially important for economies with new industrial assets.
Beyond reduction, CCS can enable permanent carbon removal through direct air capture and bioenergy with CCS, storing CO₂ underground for centuries. These methods can offset hard-to-abate sectors such as aviation and agriculture.
Responsible deployment is key. It needs strong MRV standards, community engagement, and alignment with sustainability goals. This helps avoid delays in phasing out fossil fuels.
CCS, when used wisely, connects our current fossil fuel economy to a low-carbon future. It helps reduce emissions we can’t fully eliminate yet and gives us time to develop cleaner technologies.
CCS is Not a Silver Bullet—But a Vital Tool
Carbon capture and storage is not a cure-all for the climate crisis. No single technology can deliver net zero on its own, and CCS should be viewed as one tool in a broader decarbonization toolkit.
A balanced approach requires acknowledging both the potential and the limitations of CCS. The technology can cut emissions and even remove carbon permanently when it’s based on solid science, strong policies, and clear reporting.
However, overreliance or misuse—particularly if it delays the shift away from fossil fuels—risks undermining climate goals.
The pathway to net zero will demand a combination of innovation, investment, and urgency. Carbon capture and storage is part of that solution set, and with careful governance, sustained funding, and clear standards, it can help bridge the gap between today’s emissions reality and the low-carbon future we urgently need.
- FURTHER READING: Carbon Capture and Storage to Grow 4x by 2030: Is It a Turning Point for Climate Action?
The post What is Carbon Capture and Storage? Your Ultimate Guide to CCS Technology appeared first on Carbon Credits.
Carbon Footprint
China Cuts Battery Export Rebates, Sending Lithium Prices Up and Boosting NILI’s Role in Global Lithium Supply
Disseminated on behalf of Surge Battery Metals Inc.
Global lithium markets are reacting to a major policy change in China. Beijing announced it will phase out VAT export rebates on battery products. The move caused a surge in lithium-related material prices and caught the attention of producers, buyers, and investors worldwide.
This change is more than a short-term lithium price spike. It may shift global lithium supply chains. Companies that relied heavily on Chinese exports now need to think about alternative sources. Non-Chinese producers, especially in stable countries, could gain a competitive advantage.
China’s rebate rollback affects how battery makers plan production and exports. Some companies may sell more lithium at home or adjust prices for overseas shipments. This policy highlights that government rules can shape the lithium market just as much as supply and demand.
Global Supply Chains Feel the Shock
China has long been the leader in battery-grade lithium production and battery manufacturing. Export rebates made Chinese batteries and lithium products cheaper for global buyers. Removing these rebates changes the economics for Chinese companies.
One short-term effect may be less lithium available for export. Companies could focus on domestic sales or reduce shipments abroad due to higher costs. Buyers in other regions may need to seek new suppliers or invest in local production.
This shows that geopolitics and policy now influence lithium markets heavily. Global buyers are increasingly aware of supply risks caused by policy changes. As a result, companies with high-quality lithium projects in politically stable countries are likely to become more important.
NILI: A Stable Bet in Uncertain Times
Surge Battery Metals (TSX-V: NILI | OTCQX: NILIF) is in a strong position to benefit from these changes. Its flagship project, the Nevada North Lithium Project (NNLP), is located in a mining-friendly U.S. region. The project has access to roads, power, skilled labor, and regulatory clarity, which reduce risks for development.
Unlike areas where policies can change quickly, Surge Battery Metals offers a stable, high-quality lithium source. Early exploration at Nevada North shows lithium clay grades of up to 8,070 ppm, considered high for clay-based deposits.
More notably, ongoing metallurgical tests show the project could operate at competitive costs and deliver strong financial returns. This makes NILI ready to meet the growing demand from electric vehicles (EVs), grid storage, and other industrial applications.
China’s export policy change increases the strategic importance of projects like Nevada North. Buyers who want a secure supply of lithium may turn to projects in stable regions. Surge Battery Metals is well-positioned to fill that role.
Strategic Advantages Beyond Location
Surge is also building a strong team to advance the project. Recent executive hires bring experience from the battery supply chain, including sourcing lithium for automakers. This expertise helps NILI form strong partnerships and prepare for commercial production.
With China cutting export rebates, some buyers may face higher costs or delays. NILI’s Nevada project can provide a reliable alternative. This is especially important for North American battery makers and EV companies that want supply security close to home.
The project’s economic potential is strong. Preliminary assessments indicate Nevada North could produce tens of thousands of tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) per year, 86,300.
The project is now moving toward a Pre-Feasibility Study targeted for completion in late 2026, with engineering led by global firm Fluor Corporation.
The project also benefits from favorable operating costs, US$5,243/t LCE, and the potential to expand its resource base through continued drilling. Surge recently strengthened this position with new drill results from Nevada North.
The company reported a 30.6-meter intercept grading 4,196 ppm lithium from surface in a 640-meter step-out hole to the southeast. This wide step-out confirms that strong lithium grades extend beyond the current resource boundary.
In infill drilling, Surge also reported 116 meters averaging 3,752 ppm lithium, including 32.1 meters grading 4,521 ppm near surface. This confirms the presence of a strong, high-grade core within the deposit.
These results highlight the scale and growth potential of the project. These factors make NILI a strategically important player in the global lithium market.
Key advantages that position Surge Battery Metals strategically in the market today:
- NILI’s 100% owned NNLP: 20,000+ acres prime Nevada clay – grades rival brine peers.
- Recent Wins: Oct 2025 BLM plan filed; Q1 2026 drilling planned.
- Investor Edge: TSX-V NILI up 25% post-China news – early positioning pays.
SEE MORE: Lithium Prices Climb Again in 2026, Sending Stocks Upward
The Bigger Picture: Supply Chain Security Matters
The lithium market is changing. In the past, supply and demand drove prices and investment decisions. Today, policy, geopolitics, and supply chain security are just as important. China’s export rebate rollback shows how quickly government decisions can affect global markets.
Companies with projects in stable, well-regulated regions are becoming more valuable. Investors and battery makers are looking for high-quality lithium resources that can provide a consistent supply without the risk of sudden policy changes. NILI’s Nevada North project fits this need.
The market is also paying more attention to long-term demand trends. Beyond EVs, lithium is needed for industrial storage systems, AI data centers, and grid-scale energy storage.
Benchmark’s insights show that data centre electricity demand will rise sharply. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) will be crucial for ensuring power reliability as data centre capacity expands. The growing need for BESS will boost long-term demand for lithium storage. This reinforces lithium projects like NILI’s Nevada North, which can help meet future energy storage needs for expanding data centers.
Long-Term Implications for Investors and Industry
The Nevada North Lithium Project offers high-grade lithium in a politically stable region, with strong infrastructure and skilled labor. The company is positioning itself to meet rising demand from both EVs and other battery markets.
The policy shift in China highlights this strategic importance. With reduced incentives for Chinese exports, buyers are looking for alternative sources. NILI provides a safe, reliable, and high-quality supply, making it a strong partner for battery manufacturers in North America and beyond.
The company’s focus on commercial readiness further strengthens its position. Experienced executives and industry veterans are helping NILI form partnerships and prepare for eventual production. This approach ensures that Nevada North is not just a resource but a fully integrated solution for the lithium supply chain.
NILI in the New Supply Chain Era
For investors, projects like NILI offer exposure to high-grade resources in stable jurisdictions. For battery manufacturers, Nevada North represents a secure supply chain option that can reduce dependence on any single country or region.
China’s policy change is a reminder that supply chain risk matters in the lithium market. Investors, manufacturers, and policymakers are increasingly focused on reliable and diversified sources of lithium.
For anyone looking for safe, high-quality lithium, Surge Battery Metals is a company to consider. As global supply chains adjust to policy changes, the lithium junior is well-positioned to take advantage of new opportunities and strengthen its role in the lithium market.
Live Lithium Spot Price
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Carbon Footprint
Fervo Energy’s $421M Breakthrough and The Rise of Geothermal Power for Clean Electricity
A major new investment is bringing geothermal energy back into focus. Fervo Energy has secured $421 million to build and expand its Cape Station geothermal project in Utah. The deal marks one of the largest recent financings in the U.S. geothermal sector.
This move comes at a time when energy systems are changing fast. Demand for reliable, carbon-free power is rising. Solar and wind are growing quickly, but they depend on the weather. Geothermal offers a different advantage. It provides steady electricity, day and night.
Fervo’s project shows how this technology is starting to scale. It also highlights a broader shift in clean energy markets. David Ulrey, Chief Financial Officer at Fervo Energy, said:
“Non-recourse financing has historically been considered out of reach for first-of-a-kind projects. Cape Station disrupts that narrative. With proven oil and gas technology paired with AI-enabled drilling and exploration, robust commercial offtake, operational consistency, and an unrelenting focus on health and safety, we have shown that EGS [enhanced geothermal systems] is a highly bankable asset class.”
A Major Investment in Next-Generation Geothermal
Fervo’s $421 million financing includes a mix of debt and credit support. The package is designed to fund the construction and early operations of the Cape Station project.
RBC Capital Markets is the coordinating lead arranger, working with Barclays, BBVA, and HSBC, with additional support from J.P. Morgan, Bank of America, and Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Bank’s New York branch.
Sean Pollock, Managing Director at RBC Capital Markets, remarked:
“As demand for firm, clean, affordable power accelerates, EGS is set to become a core energy asset class for infrastructure lenders. Fervo is pioneering this step change with Cape Station, a vital contribution to American energy security that RBC is proud to support.”
The project is located in Utah and is expected to become one of the largest EGS in the United States. Its initial phases could reach hundreds of megawatts of capacity, with long-term plans to scale up to 2 gigawatts (GW).
Conventional and EGS in the U.S.
This is a significant size. A 1 GW power plant can supply electricity to hundreds of thousands of homes, depending on usage levels. At full build-out, Cape Station could rank among the largest clean energy facilities in the country.
Fervo’s approach uses advanced drilling methods adapted from the oil and gas sector. These techniques allow developers to access deep heat resources that were once too difficult to reach. This expands the potential for geothermal energy beyond traditional locations.
From Niche to Necessary: Geothermal’s Small Share but Large Potential
The United States currently has about 2.7 gigawatts (GW) of conventional geothermal capacity, per the US Energy Information Administration. This is only 0.2% of total U.S. summer generating capacity, which refers to the maximum power available during peak demand in summer.
The potential for EGS is much larger. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that 135 GW of power could be developed from EGS in the Great Basin alone.
Other estimates suggest that up to 150 GW of cost-effective geothermal capacity could be built in the coming decades, depending on market conditions and technological progress.
- In 2023, the National Laboratory of the Rockies estimated that about 90 GW of EGS capacity could be economically developed across the United States by 2050.
The small share reflects past limitations. Traditional geothermal projects require natural underground reservoirs of hot water or steam. These are only found in certain regions.
Technology Is Unlocking New Geothermal Resources
However, new technologies are changing that. Enhanced geothermal systems can create artificial reservoirs by injecting water into hot rock formations. This makes geothermal viable in many more areas.
The key to geothermal growth lies in innovation. Traditional geothermal systems are limited by geography. Enhanced systems aim to remove that constraint.
Fervo uses horizontal drilling and hydraulic stimulation. These methods are similar to those used in shale oil and gas production. They allow wells to reach deeper and hotter rock formations.
The company has already tested this approach. Its pilot project, known as Project Red, produced about 3.5 megawatts (MW) of continuous electricity. It also showed strong flow rates, which are critical for long-term performance.
Scaling up from pilot to commercial size is the next step. Cape Station represents that transition. If successful, it could prove that enhanced geothermal systems can operate on a large scale. This would open the door for wider adoption across the United States and other countries.
Why 24/7 Clean Energy Is in High Demand
Electricity demand is rising across the United States and globally. This is driven by electrification, population growth, and new industries.
At the same time, the energy system is shifting toward renewables. Solar and wind are now among the fastest-growing sources of electricity. However, these sources are variable. Solar only produces power during the day. Wind output can change with weather conditions.
This creates a need for stable energy sources that can run at all times. Geothermal meets this need. It provides baseload power, meaning it can operate continuously without interruption.
Other low-carbon baseload options include nuclear and hydropower. Geothermal adds another layer to this group, especially in regions where other options are limited.
As renewable energy expands, the value of steady power is increasing. This trend is driving interest in geothermal projects.
Investment Trends Support Geothermal Growth
Fervo’s funding reflects a broader shift in energy investment. Clean energy technologies are attracting increasing amounts of capital.
The company has raised about $1.5 billion in total funding since its founding in 2017. This includes equity investments and project-level financing.
Government policy is also playing a role. The U.S. Inflation Reduction Act provides tax credits and incentives for clean energy projects, including geothermal. These incentives help reduce project costs and improve returns for investors.
At the same time, utilities and large energy users are seeking long-term clean power contracts. This creates stable revenue streams for projects like Cape Station.
Global energy investment trends show continued growth in renewables, including geothermal. The International Energy Agency reports that clean energy investment is expected to exceed $2 trillion annually in the coming years, with solar leading but other technologies gaining support.
Geothermal is still a small part of this total today. However, its role could expand as the need for reliable clean energy increases, reaching nearly $3 trillion by 2050.
A New Role for Geothermal in the Energy Transition
Fervo’s $421 million project highlights a shift in how energy systems are evolving. The focus is no longer only on adding renewable capacity. It is also about building a stable and balanced grid.
Geothermal can help fill gaps left by solar and wind. It provides continuous, carbon-free electricity that supports grid reliability. This makes it useful for a range of applications, including:
- Powering cities and industrial operations.
- Supporting renewable-heavy grids.
- Reducing dependence on fossil fuel backup.
If enhanced geothermal systems continue to scale, they could become a key part of the clean energy mix. Fervo’s project is still in its early stages, but it represents a broader trend. Energy markets are starting to value not just clean power, but also consistent power.
As this shift continues, geothermal may move from a niche resource to a core component of the energy transition.
- READ MORE: Google Taps Earth’s Heat in 150MW Geothermal Deal with Ormat Technologies to Power Data Centers
The post Fervo Energy’s $421M Breakthrough and The Rise of Geothermal Power for Clean Electricity appeared first on Carbon Credits.
Carbon Footprint
Climate Impact Partners Unveils High-Quality Carbon Credits from Sabah Rainforest in Malaysia
The voluntary carbon market is changing. Buyers are no longer focused only on large volumes of cheap credits. Instead, they want projects with strong science, long-term monitoring, and clear proof that carbon has truly been removed from the atmosphere. That shift is drawing more attention to high-integrity, nature-based projects.
One project now gaining that spotlight is the Sabah INFAPRO rainforest rehabilitation project in Malaysia. Climate Impact Partners announced that the project is now issuing verified carbon removal credits, opening access to one of the highest-quality nature-based removals currently available in the global market.
Restoring One of the World’s Richest Rainforest Ecosystems
The project is located in Sabah, Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. This region is home to tropical dipterocarp rainforest, one of the richest forest ecosystems on Earth. These forests store huge amounts of carbon and support extraordinary biodiversity. Some dipterocarp trees can grow up to 70 meters tall, creating habitat for orangutans, pygmy elephants, gibbons, sun bears, and the critically endangered Sumatran rhino.
However, the forest within the INFAPRO project area was not intact. In the 1980s, selective logging removed many of the most valuable tree species, especially large dipterocarps. That caused serious ecological damage. Once the key mother trees were gone, natural regeneration became much harder. Young seedlings also had to compete with dense vines and shrubs, which slowed the forest’s recovery.
To repair that damage, the INFAPRO project was launched in the Ulu-Segama forestry management unit in eastern Sabah.
- The project has restored more than 25,000 hectares of logged-over rainforest.
- It was developed by Face the Future in cooperation with Yayasan Sabah, while Climate Impact Partners has supported the project and helped bring its credits to market.
Why Sabah’s Carbon Removals are Attracting Attention
What makes Sabah INFAPRO different is not only the size of the restoration effort. It is also the way the project measured carbon gains.
Many forest carbon projects issue credits in annual vintages based on year-by-year growth estimates. Sabah INFAPRO followed a different path. It used a landscape-scale monitoring system and waited until the forest moved through its strongest natural growth period before issuing removal credits.
- This approach gives the credits more weight. Rather than relying mainly on short-term annual estimates, the project measured carbon sequestration over a longer period. That helps show that the forest delivered real, sustained, and measurable carbon removal.
The scientific backing is also unusually strong. Since 2007, the project has maintained nearly 400 permanent monitoring plots. These plots have allowed researchers, independent auditors, and technical specialists to observe the full growth cycle of dipterocarp forest recovery. The result is a large body of field data that supports carbon calculations and strengthens confidence in the credits.
In simple terms, buyers are not just being asked to trust a model. They are being shown years of direct forest monitoring across the project landscape.
Strong Ratings Support Market Confidence
Independent assessment has also lifted the project’s profile. BeZero awarded Sabah INFAPRO an A.pre overall rating and an AA score for permanence. That places the project among the highest-rated Improved Forest Management, or IFM, projects in the world.
The rating reflects several important strengths. First, the project has very low exposure to reversal risk. Second, it has a long and stable operating history. Third, its measured carbon gains align well with peer-reviewed ecological research and independent analysis.
These points matter in today’s market. Buyers have become more cautious after years of debate over the quality of some forest carbon credits. As a result, they now look more closely at durability, transparency, and third-party validation. Sabah INFAPRO’s rating helps answer those concerns and makes the project more attractive to companies looking for credible carbon removal.
The project is also registered with Verra’s Verified Carbon Standard under the name INFAPRO Rehabilitation of Logged-over Dipterocarp Forest in Sabah, Malaysia. That adds another level of market recognition and verification.
A Wider Model for Rainforest Recovery
Sabah INFAPRO also shows why high-quality nature-based projects are about more than carbon alone. The restoration effort supports broader ecological recovery in one of the world’s most important rainforest regions.
Climate Impact Partners said it has worked with project partners to restore degraded areas, run local training programs, carry out monthly forest patrols, and distribute seedlings to support rainforest recovery beyond the project boundary. These efforts help strengthen the wider landscape and expand the project’s environmental impact.
That broader value is becoming more important for buyers. Companies increasingly want projects that support biodiversity, ecosystem health, and local engagement, along with carbon removal. Sabah INFAPRO offers that mix, making it a stronger fit for the market’s shift toward higher-integrity credits.
Why IFM is Getting More Attention in the Carbon Market
The project’s launch also fits a wider shift in the voluntary carbon market. Improved Forest Management refers to practices that help existing forests store more carbon or avoid emissions through better stewardship. Unlike afforestation or reforestation, which involve creating or replanting forests, IFM focuses on improving the way current forests are managed.
These practices can help forests grow older, become more diverse, and stay healthier under climate stress. They can also support timber production in some cases by improving harvest cycles rather than stopping forest use altogether.
Because IFM projects often operate over very long periods, sometimes 100 years or more, they can generate lasting climate benefits. Still, buyers must be careful. Quality varies widely across projects, and strong due diligence remains essential.
That is why Sabah INFAPRO is drawing attention. Although IFM supply has grown in recent years, truly high-quality carbon removal credits within the category remain limited.
Nature-Based Carbon Removal Still Leads the Market
Nature-based carbon removal continues to dominate the spot market, as reported by Carbon Direct. In 2025, about 95% of all carbon dioxide removal credits issued in the voluntary carbon market came from nature-based pathways. Only 5% came from higher-durability pathways such as biochar or BECCS.
This shows two things at once. First, nature-based carbon removal still plays the leading role in today’s market. Second, high-durability removal technologies are still at an early stage of deployment.
Demand Side:
Within nature-based credits, supply conditions differ sharply by project type.
- Afforestation, reforestation, and revegetation, known as ARR, have remained tight. Over the past four years, ARR issuances and retirements have stayed close to a 1:1 ratio, while annual issuance has held nearly flat at around 7 million to 8 million metric tons. That has left limited ARR inventory available for spot buyers.
- IFM has followed a different path. Issuances have grown about 2.5 times since 2023, making it one of the biggest growth areas in nature-based carbon credits. Even so, the supply of top-tier IFM carbon removal credits remains much smaller than headline volumes suggest.
Supply Side:
At the same time, buyer behavior is shifting. Demand has moved away from many older REDD+ projects and toward IFM, ARR, agriculture-based projects, and other credit types viewed as more credible or better aligned with corporate climate goals.
Retirements have dipped slightly, but that does not necessarily mean interest is fading. Buyer participation has remained steady. What changed is the purchasing strategy. Companies are becoming more selective about what they buy, when they buy, and how much they are willing to pay for quality.
Meanwhile, long-term nature-based offtakes and purchase commitments have risen above 90 million tons of future delivery. Most of those commitments are concentrated in ARR projects. That trend shows both how tight ARR supply is today and how seriously buyers are trying to secure future volume.
Against that backdrop, Sabah INFAPRO enters the market at the right time. It offers a rare mix of long-term monitoring, strong scientific backing, high biodiversity value, and verified removals. For buyers looking for high-quality nature-based carbon removal, this Malaysian rainforest project may become an important benchmark.
The post Climate Impact Partners Unveils High-Quality Carbon Credits from Sabah Rainforest in Malaysia appeared first on Carbon Credits.
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