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Please admit California’s Pajaro Valley to the storehouse of evidence that charging a fee to use scarce resources can stretch those resources, to the benefit of all.

Never heard of Pajaro Valley? Me neither, until I came across NY Times climate reporter Coral Davenport’s compelling end-of-year story, Strawberry Case Study: What if Farmers Had to Pay for Water? Turns out I once hitch-hiked there en route to the spectacular Big Sur coast south of Monterey. But the payoff today is in the story’s subhead: With aquifers nationwide in dangerous decline, one part of California has tried essentially taxing groundwater. New research shows it’s working.

California’s Pajaro Valley, at center of this Google Map, hugs the Pacific Coast midway between Santa Cruz and Monterey and straddles the two counties named for those cities.

What’s working? A charge for groundwater extracted to grow strawberries, raspberries, brussels sprouts, lettuce and kale, administered by the state-chartered Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency to prevent saltwater from the adjacent Pacific Ocean from intruding into underground aquifers. The fee, which began several decades ago at a nominal $30 per acre-foot of water to recover PVWMA’s water-metering costs, now runs as high as $400, according to Davenport.

Lest that rise seem meteoric, and today’s price appear punitive, consider that currently the agency’s total annual water fees, $12 million, equate to barely 1 percent of annual Pajaro Valley crop revenues of $12 million. What’s more, an acre-foot — the standard volumetric for water supply — is enormous: enough to provide 3 million tall glasses of water, by my calculations. Even the projected 2025 price of $500 per acre-foot translates to a mere one-sixtieth of a cent per glass.

To be sure, that calculation is merely illustrative; water for drinking and water for growing crops are two different things. But consider what Pajaro Valley growers get from paying for water.

First, their payments are helping assure increased supplies of crop-worthy water. Revenue from the water fees enabled PVWMA to undertake a $6 million project that captures excess rainwater from a creek near the ocean and injects it into underground wells to be used for irrigation, and a $20 million water recycling plant that cleans 5 million gallons of sewage a day and pipes it to farm fields. Next up, Davenport tells us, is an $80 million system to capture and store more rainwater for irrigation. By replenishing and “stretching’ supplies of groundwater, these investments help ensure that brackish water from the ocean doesn’t seep into Pajaro Valley wells.

Just as importantly, the growers receive a potent incentive to use available water supplies more efficiently. “Gone were the days of sprinklers that drenched fields indiscriminately,” Davenport writes. “To save money, many Pajaro farmers invested in precision irrigation technology to distribute carefully measured water exactly where it was needed.” (See text box.) Though the article doesn’t mention it, these investments by dozens of individual growers might not have materialized had not all growers been subject to the same incentives to conserve as well.

Economics

Undergirding Davenport’s upbeat reporting is a 2023 working paper, The Dynamic Impacts of Pricing Groundwater, by three economists at U-C Berkeley’s Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics. In academic parlance, “dynamic” doesn’t connote a Marvel superhero, it refers to changes over time. By examining changes in water usage over time, the authors conclude that each “21% price increase led to a … 22% reduction in average annual groundwater extraction” by Pajaro Valley growers.

The implied price-elasticity is roughly negative 1.3. (The paper helpfully reports that “The reduction in annual water use doubles between the first year and the fifth year after the tax, with the implied price elasticity of demand ranging from negative 0.86 to negative 1.97.) This empirically-derived price sensitivity is far greater than the price elasticities assumed in CTC’s carbon-tax model, befitting not only the greater salience of water use for growers vis-a-vis energy use for consumers and even most businesses, but the greater agency of Pajaro Valley growers who, Davenport’s reporting suggests, over time have increasingly bought into PVWMA’s groundwater fee in both theory and execution.

After reading Davenport’s article I reached out to hydrologist, climatologist and water sustainability expert Peter Gleick, whose latest book, The Three Ages of Water: Prehistoric Past, Imperiled Present, and a Hope for the Future, was published last year by Hachette / Public Affairs. Peter praised the article while preferring to denote the PVWMA groundwater charge “not [as a] tax but a fee or simply a price for a commodity.” He added, “When we pay for something, we’re more conscious of how we use it. When something is free, we’re more likely to misuse and abuse it. That’s certainly been the case historically for California groundwater.”

Carbon Taxes?

A number of posts in this space have touted — we might say “flogged” — other instances of resource or externality pricing, as possible templates for large-scale carbon pricing. In 2016 we wrote about Berkeley’s soda tax, actually a tax on the sugar content of soft drinks, and summarized research showing that sales of sugar-sweetened beverages fell 21% in that city while rising 4% in “control groups,” i.e., neighboring municipalities where soft drinks continued untaxed. Last year we explained why Congestion pricing, coming soon to New York City, could bode well for carbon-taxing — a message we previously broadcast several times in 2019 as the enabling legislation was being enacted in Albany, in March and in April.

We also dug deep in 2017, writing about an incipient NYC nickel fee on carryout bags dispensed at supermarkets, grocery and convenience stores. (The fee was a month away from taking effect, and though we haven’t yet seen before/after comparisons, anecdotal evidence suggests that trees in New York City are today far less encumbered by what we referred to then as “gossamer debris stuck, like tumors, to our half-a-million street trees.”) We can also go back half a century, to 1972, when NYC environmental officials conjured a “dirty oil surcharge” that forced petroleum suppliers to cough up a fee for each barrel of high-sulfur oil they brought into the city, a remarkably successful (but little known) instance of externality pricing that I memorialized in a 2009 post for Grist, Pollution Taxes Work.

Needless to say, none of these fees — not the soda tax, not congestion charging, not the carryout bag fee, and not the dirty oil surcharge — has paved the way for full-on carbon pricing. While each of them has been or will be a resounding success, their scale is far too local and the stakes far too small to translate automatically to national or even state-level carbon pricing. The same will hold for California’s Pajaro Valley groundwater fee. Indeed, California water districts are wrestling today with the hard work of fulfilling a state mandate requiring every part of the state to devise a plan to conserve groundwater.

Happily, Davenport notes that PVWMA officials and even some growers are advising their statewide counterparts to emulate their approach, including “local control” rather than state or even county governance. Less happily, she reports that the Westlands Water District, which serves the state’s giant Central Valley breadbasket, is pushing a plan “that would allow growers to pay for credits to use groundwater above a certain allocation.”  The growers “could buy and sell the credits, starting at about $200 a credit,” Davenport notes. While this scheme certainly improves on the status quo of charging little or nothing for groundwater use, it’s complicated and drenched in market ideology, much as carbon cap-and-trade systems needlessly encumber what could and should be straightforward carbon pricing.

Let’s not end on that dour note, however. These instances of resource charging — whether to stretch a limited resource or to internalize pollution or other externality costs — make it easier to build support for enacting new ones. Davenport’s story — here’s the link again — is both brilliant reporting and cause for optimism.

We close with a snap of the story opening and photo as they appeared on the front page of today’s (Jan. 4, 2024) Times, above the fold. Below it are calculations in which we derived figures in the first part of this post.

Calculation #1: Glasses of water in an acre-foot.

  • One acre = 43,560 ft^2, so one acre-foot = 43,560 ft^3.
  • One ft^3 (cubic foot) contains 957.5 fluid oz. (per inchcalculator.com; that figure jibes with the 62.4 lb weight of one cubic foot of water).
  • A tall water glass contains 14 fluid oz. Thus, one ft^3 of water can fill 957.5/14 = 68.4 tall glasses.
  • One acre-foot then contains enough water to fill 43,560 x 68.4 = 2.98 million tall glasses, which we round to 3 million.

Calculation #2: Groundwater-use price-elasticity inferred from empirical finding that a 21 percent price increase evokes a 22 percent decrease in usage.

  • It is tempting to reduce this roughly 1-to-1 relationship to a (negative) 1.0 price-elasticity. However, that would ignore the law of diminishing returns and, mathematically, the convex relationship between changes in price and changes in usage.
  • The price-elasticity is derived by solving for e in the equation, (1 + 0.21)^e = (1 minus 0.22).
  • Using base-10 logarithms, we have: e times log 1.21 = log 0.78, which (omitting one or two steps) leads to e = negative 1.3.

Carbon Footprint

Carbon Credit Market Gains Integrity With ICVCM’s Approval of 6 New Removal Standards

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Carbon Credit Market Gains Integrity With ICVCM's Approval of 6 New Removal Standards

The voluntary carbon market (VCM) has taken a major step forward. The Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ICVCM) has approved six new carbon removal methodologies under its Core Carbon Principles (CCPs). These methods come from two programs: Isometric and Gold Standard. Both are known for meeting the council’s strict requirements.

This approval signals a shift toward stronger credibility in carbon removal credits. For years, the voluntary carbon market faced doubts about quality, transparency, and permanence.

Many companies hesitated to use credits due to fears of overstated benefits. The ICVCM names specific methods that meet high integrity standards. This helps businesses, investors, and governments have a clearer framework to trust. In the words of Annette Nazareth, ICVCM Chair:

“We are pleased to announce these new approvals for methodologies in a variety of emissions reductions and removals categories. The science is clear that both reductions and removals are critical to effective climate action. These latest approvals will open up new options for integrity-focused buyers to broaden their portfolios of carbon credits across a range of high-impact categories.”

The New Approved Standards

The six approved carbon removal methodologies include the following:

  • Gold Standard — Carbon Sequestration Through Accelerated Carbonation of Concrete Aggregate (v1.0)
  • Isometric — Biomass Geological Storage (v1.0–v1.1)
  • Isometric — Bio-oil Geological Storage (v1.0–v1.1)
  • Isometric — Subsurface Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage (v1.0)
  • Isometric — Biogenic Carbon Capture and Storage (v1.1)
  • Isometric — Direct Air Capture (v1.1)

In addition, the ICVCM confirmed two nature-based methodologies under other programs: CAR Mexico Forest Protocol v3 for improved forest management and VM0047 v1.1 for afforestation and reforestation.

These approvals matter because they are linked to very specific versions of methodologies. Not all projects under Isometric or Gold Standard automatically qualify. Only those that follow these approved versions can carry the CCP label.

From Doubts to Trust: Raising the Bar on Carbon Credits

So far, projects under these new removal methods have issued around 30,000 credits. While this number is small, the pipeline is much larger. ICVCM data show that:

  • 24 projects under the Isometric methods are expected to issue over 3.2 million credits annually in the coming years.
  • 15 projects under the Gold Standard method could issue over 9,000 credits annually.

In forestry, the CAR Mexico Forest Protocol v3 already has more than 8.1 million credits issued. However, not all will automatically qualify under the CCP label because of new permanence and leakage rules. For example, the protocol now requires a 40-year permanence commitment and allows leakage rates of up to 40%.

This level of detail adds clarity and accountability. It helps ensure that CCP-approved credits represent real, measurable, and durable climate outcomes.

From Billions to Trillions: The Future of Carbon Removal

The carbon removal market is still small compared to the scale of global emissions. Today, VCMs are valued at about $2 billion annually. Forecasts suggest they could reach up to $100 billion by 2030. Carbon removal will be central to that growth.

voluntary carbon credit demand growth
Source: McKinsey & Company

Currently, removals make up less than 1% of all credits sold. Most credits still come from avoided emissions, such as preventing deforestation. But future sales are shifting toward removals.

Buyers are showing stronger interest in forward contracts for engineered removals, like direct air capture, bio-oil storage, and biomass geological storage.

Analysts project that DAC capacity could reach 60–100 million tons per year by 2035, up from near zero today. Meanwhile, biochar, enhanced weathering, and subsurface storage are also scaling. These new CCP approvals provide the quality assurance needed to attract investment at this level.

Carbon market growth rates are projected at 25–30% annually through the next decade. By 2050, the sector could generate more than $1 trillion annually, reflecting the scale of removals needed to reach climate goals.

  • BloombergNEF projects that carbon credit supply will expand 20- to 35-fold by 2050, with engineered removals gaining share. Current supply sits near 243 million tons in 2024, rising to 2.6 billion tons by 2030 and 4.8 billion by 2050.
carbon credit supply 2050 BNEF
Source: BNEF

DAC is forecasted to deliver about 21% of credits by 2050. Prices for credits may increase to $60 per ton by 2030 and $104 by 2050, reflecting greater demand and higher quality standards.

Four Forces Powering the Carbon Removal Boom

Several forces are pushing removals into the mainstream.

  • Corporate Net-Zero Goals – More than 5,000 companies worldwide have pledged to reach net zero. Many will rely on removals to balance emissions they cannot fully cut.
  • Government Policy – U.S. and European policies, such as the Inflation Reduction Act and the EU Green Deal, provide tax credits and funding for carbon capture.
  • Investor Confidence – Clear CCP standards make investors more willing to finance high-quality projects.
  • Technology Scaling – Costs for engineered removals like DAC and bio-oil storage are expected to fall as projects scale up.

These trends show why carbon removal is becoming not just a side option but a pillar of climate strategy.

The Price of Permanence: Barriers Still Loom

Even with new approvals, challenges remain. Engineered removals are expensive. Current costs for direct air capture range from $300 to $600 per ton. Experts say this needs to fall below $100 per ton for widespread adoption.

Nature-based removals, while cheaper, raise other questions. Land use, biodiversity impacts, and long-term monitoring must be managed carefully. For example, requiring 40-year permanence adds credibility but also creates financial and operational hurdles for project developers.

The Integrity Council will need to enforce ongoing monitoring, verification, and auditing. Without strong oversight, credibility could erode again.

Why This Matters for Business and Capital

For companies, the approval of Isometric and Gold Standard removals offers more reliable ways to meet net-zero targets. Purchasing CCP-approved carbon credits reduces reputational risks and demonstrates a commitment to real climate action.

For investors, these standards provide a clearer signal about which projects are worth funding. Capital can flow toward technologies and practices that deliver measurable and permanent removals.

Carbon Markets 2030 and Beyond

The ICVCM decision is a foundation for growth. By 2030, analysts expect carbon removal to represent a much larger share of the voluntary market.

BCG carbon removal credit demand projection 2030-2040

Government integration will be another milestone. Both the UK and EU are exploring whether to allow carbon removals in their compliance systems within the next five years. If CCP-approved removals are included, demand could rise sharply.

The Integrity Council’s approval of six new methodologies from Isometric and Gold Standard represents a turning point for carbon markets. These decisions provide greater transparency, stronger safeguards, and a clearer path for scaling carbon removal.

While challenges remain in cost, permanence, and oversight, the foundation for trust is stronger than before. With new standards in place, the carbon removal market can grow from thousands to millions—and eventually billions—of tons of CO₂ removed. This shift is critical to balancing global emissions and moving closer to a net-zero future.

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Lithium’s Turning Point: DOE Investment in LAC’s Thacker Pass and the LIT ETF Rally

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Lithium’s Turning Point: DOE Investment, Thacker Pass, and the LIT ETF Rally

Lithium has become one of the most critical resources for the global energy transition. As demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy storage grows, countries are racing to secure stable supplies of this lightweight metal.

In the United States, the Department of Energy (DOE) has just announced a new era for lithium production. At the same time, investor interest in lithium has surged, reflected by the strong monthly close of the Global X Lithium & Battery Tech ETF (LIT). These changes show that the lithium market is reaching an important stage. This stage is shaped by policy, technology, and financial momentum.

U.S. DOE Takes a Stake in Lithium Americas

The DOE recently confirmed it will take equity stakes in Lithium Americas and its Thacker Pass mine in Nevada. This move marks the first time the U.S. government has directly invested in a lithium project rather than providing loans or guarantees.

Thacker Pass is one of the biggest lithium deposits in North America. It could greatly decrease U.S. dependence on foreign sources.

Becoming a shareholder sends a clear message: lithium production is vital for both business and national security. China controls over 60% of global lithium refining. So, the U.S. wants to boost its own supply chains.

The government aims to support projects that ensure long-term stability. The government’s role lowers risk for private investors. This could lead to more funding and partnerships.

Thacker Pass: America’s White Gold Standard

Thacker Pass, located in northern Nevada, is set to produce lithium carbonate. This will provide enough for batteries in up to one million EVs each year when fully operational. Construction is underway, and production is expected later this decade. The mine could make the U.S. one of the top four global producers, alongside Chile and Australia.

US potential to be top 4 lithium producers

Thacker Pass has not been without controversy, facing environmental opposition and legal challenges. However, federal and state support has kept the project moving forward. If successful, it could reshape the balance of supply in the Western Hemisphere and reduce reliance on imports from Asia.

A Global Tug-of-War for Lithium Supply

While the U.S. builds its domestic base, other regions are also reconfiguring supply chains.

  • Chile and Argentina hold about 60% of the world’s lithium reserves. They are rethinking their royalty rules and partnerships to bring in more foreign investment.
  • Australia, currently the largest producer, continues to expand mining output but faces bottlenecks in refining. Much of its raw spodumene is shipped to China for processing.
  • China, a leader in refining and cathode production, is boosting investments in Africa and South America. This helps it maintain its top position.

This global tug-of-war reflects a broader reality: lithium is not only an industrial commodity but also a strategic resource. Countries are ensuring access by using different methods. They invest directly, make long-term supply agreements, and innovate with technology.

EVs and Energy Storage: The Demand Engine

Lithium demand will likely surge in the next ten years. This rise is due to more people using EVs and increasing grid-scale energy storage. BloombergNEF forecasts lithium-ion battery demand reaching multiple terawatt-hours annually by 2035. EVs will likely make up over 70% of this total.

lithium demand growth through 2035

In the U.S., new federal incentives under the Inflation Reduction Act are pushing automakers to source more domestically produced materials. Ford, General Motors, and Tesla have all made deals for lithium. They expect the market to get tighter.

Meanwhile, utilities are using large battery storage systems. These help balance renewable energy from sources like wind and solar. This shift is increasing demand even more.

New Frontiers: Direct Extraction and Recycling

Meeting future demand will not only depend on mining new deposits but also on deploying new technologies. Direct lithium extraction (DLE) methods can boost recovery rates. They also lower environmental impact compared to old evaporation ponds. Companies in the U.S. and South America are piloting these systems, and if successful, DLE could accelerate supply growth.

Recycling also represents a growing opportunity. As the first wave of EV batteries reaches the end of life, recycling firms are stepping in to recover valuable metals. This secondary supply could become increasingly important in balancing markets and reducing dependence on mining.

Price Trends and Market Volatility

Lithium prices have seen dramatic swings in recent years. After hitting record highs in 2022, prices corrected in 2023 and 2024 as supply temporarily outpaced demand.

However, analysts warn that volatility is likely to persist. Benchmark Mineral Intelligence says lithium carbonate prices steadied in 2025. However, rising demand from EV makers could trigger another price surge in the late 2020s.

This volatility underscores the challenges for both producers and investors. Companies should balance long-term supply contracts with the risk of falling prices. Investors need to consider cyclical downturns alongside the bigger growth picture.

LIT ETF’s Rally Sparks Renewed Optimism

One sign of renewed optimism in the sector is the recent performance of the Global X Lithium & Battery Tech ETF (LIT). The ETF, which tracks a broad portfolio of lithium miners, battery producers, and EV companies, just posted its strongest monthly close in over a year, as seen in the Katusa Research chart below.

LIT ETF

This performance reflects investor belief that the worst of the price downturn may be over and that long-term fundamentals remain intact. Stronger government backing, such as the DOE’s investment, adds further support to the outlook.

For many investors, ETFs like LIT offer diversified exposure to a sector known for both opportunity and volatility.

Investment Playbook: Choosing Exposure Wisely

For investors, the lithium sector presents both risks and rewards. On one hand, rising demand for EVs and energy storage supports a strong long-term growth story. On the other hand, price volatility, environmental concerns, and geopolitical risks remain significant.

Investors generally face three approaches:

  • Major producers like Albemarle, SQM, and Ganfeng provide scale and stability.
  • Emerging juniors, such as Lithium Americas, offer high growth potential but higher risks.
  • ETFs like LIT provide diversified exposure, spreading risk across multiple companies and regions.

Each option carries different risk-reward profiles, making diversification a key strategy.

A Defining Decade for Lithium

The lithium industry is entering a transformative period. The DOE’s investment in Thacker Pass shows how vital it is to secure supply chains. Moreover, the strong close of the LIT ETF reflects rising investor confidence in this sector’s future. Globally, shifts in supply, demand, and technology are reshaping the landscape.

As EV adoption accelerates and renewable energy expands, lithium will remain a cornerstone of the energy transition. For governments, it is a matter of security and independence. For companies, it is a race to innovate and scale. And for investors, it represents both opportunity and volatility.

The next decade will likely define how lithium shapes the clean energy future, making today’s developments critical signals of what lies ahead.

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Politics and Prevention – Fentanyl at the Center of U.S. Security and Leadership

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* For Accredited Investors Only. Offered pursuant to Rule 506(c). Reasonable steps to verify accreditation will be taken before any sale.
PAID ADVERTISEMENT – SPONSORED CONTENT

Fentanyl is not just a public health crisis – it has become a defining political issue in the United States. The synthetic opioid is now the leading cause of death for Americans aged 18–45, killing an estimated 220 people every day. 

As the toll rises, many political leaders, border agencies, and private innovators are converging on one message: fentanyl control is a matter of national security.

A Political Priority

President Donald Trump has made fentanyl control a centerpiece of his drug policy priorities. These priorities include attacking production and distribution networks, using both punitive (law enforcement) and economic tools. Trump has vowed that his “highest duty is the defense of the country and its citizens,” promising to intensify measures against cartels and traffickers responsible for smuggling synthetic opioids across the southern border.

The bipartisan urgency is clear. Lawmakers across party lines now view fentanyl not only as a public health emergency but also as a national security threat on par with terrorism and cyberwarfare. This framing should open the door to expanded federal funding, new enforcement powers, and increased support for innovative countermeasures, such as immunotherapies.

Borders Under Pressure

Most illicit fentanyl in the U.S. is manufactured abroad, often in China, and trafficked through Mexico, where it enters across official and unofficial border crossings. U.S. Customs and Border Protection has reported record seizures in recent years. 

Canada, too, has experienced rising seizures and overdose deaths, underlining that this is not a U.S.-only crisis but a North American challenge.

Deployments of additional detection technology, canine units, and chemical sensors are underway at key border points. Yet border agents acknowledge they are overwhelmed: with traffickers mixing fentanyl into counterfeit pills or powder, even small gaps in enforcement can lead to mass fatalities.

ARMR’s Role in a Political Landscape

The fentanyl crisis is a political flashpoint that blends public health, security, and foreign policy. Border enforcement will remain essential, but no interdiction strategy can stop every shipment. 

We believe that this climate creates fertile ground for ARMR Sciences’ preventive approach. Unlike Narcan, which only works after an overdose has begun, ARMR-100 (ARMR’s lead candidate) is designed to block fentanyl before it reaches the brain. For policymakers, this aligns with national security goals: a proactive solution that reduces the burden on border interdiction and first responders. 

Why Investors Should Pay Attention

For investors, we believe that ARMR represents an opportunity to participate in a mission that is as much about impact as it is about returns. The company is working to translate 7 years of Department of Defense–backed science into a scalable biodefense platform:

  • Lead candidate ARMR-100 blocked 92% of fentanyl from entering the brain in preclinical studies
  • $30M private raise launched
  • A targeted exchange listing in the future
  • Direct alignment with political momentum on anti-fentanyl measures

With strong bipartisan focus and rising border enforcement pressure, companies like ARMR offering real solutions should be positioned to benefit from both government backing and investor interest. 

By investing in this round, investors have a chance to back ARMR as it works to build a preventive shield against synthetic drug threats. 

Invest now to help support ARMR’s efforts to build the nation’s first line of defense against fentanyl and other synthetic threats.

* For Accredited Investors Only. This offering is made pursuant to Rule 506(c) of Regulation D. All purchasers must be accredited investors, and the issuer will take reasonable steps to verify accredited status before any sale. Investing involves high risk, including the potential loss of your entire investment.

* This is a paid advertisement for ARMR’s private offering. Please read the details of the offering at InvestARMR.com for additional information on the company and the risk factors related to the offering.

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This Presentation also contains estimates and other statistical data made by independent parties and by management relating to market size and other data about our industry. This data involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates.

ARMR Sciences Inc. is currently undertaking a private placement offering of Offered Shares pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act and/or Rule 506(c) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Investors should consider the investment objectives, risks, and investment time horizon of the Company carefully before investing. The private placement memorandum relating to the offering of Securities will contain this and other information concerning the Company, including risk factors, which should be read carefully before investing.

The Securities are being offered and sold in reliance on exemptions from registration under the 1933 Act. In accordance therewith, you should be aware that (i) the Securities may be sold only to “accredited investors,” as defined in Rule 501 of Regulation D; (ii) the Securities will only be offered in reliance on an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act and will not be required to comply with specific disclosure requirements that apply to registration under the Securities Act; (iii) the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) will not pass upon the merits of or give its approval to the terms of the Securities or the offering, or the accuracy or completeness of any offering materials; (iv) the Securities will be subject to legal restrictions on transfer and resale and investors should not assume they will be able to resell their securities; and (v) investing in these Securities involves a high degree of risk, and investors should be able to bear the loss of their entire investment. Furthermore, investors must understand that such investment could be illiquid for an indefinite period of time.

The Company is “Testing the Waters” under Regulation A under the Securities Act of 1933. The Company is not under any obligation to make an offering under Regulation A. No money or other consideration is being solicited in connection with the information provided, and if sent in response, will not be accepted. No offer to buy the securities can be accepted and no part of the purchase price can be received until an offering statement on Form 1-A has been filed and until the offering statement is qualified pursuant to Regulation A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and any such offer may be withdrawn or revoked, without obligation or commitment of any kind, at any time before notice of its acceptance given after the qualification date.   
 
The securities offered using Regulation A are highly speculative and involve significant risks. The investment is suitable only for persons who can afford to lose their entire investment. Furthermore, investors must understand that such investment could be illiquid for an indefinite period of time. No public market currently exists for the securities, and if a public market develops following the offering, it may not continue. The Company intends to list its securities on a national exchange and doing so entails significant ongoing corporate obligations including but not limited to disclosure, filing and notification requirements, as well compliance with applicable continued quantitative and qualitative listing standards.


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Additional disclosure: This communication serves the sole purpose of adding value to the research process and is for information only. Please do your own due diligence. Every investment in securities mentioned in publications of carboncredits.com involves risks that could lead to a total loss of the invested capital.

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