How to share the bill for climate change fairly will once again top the priority list for African government negotiators at COP30 in Belém, a year after the so-called “Finance COP” in Baku left them feeling short-changed.
As floods, droughts and related food insecurity threaten years of development gains across the continent, African countries say richer nations must step up with finance solutions that help them become more resilient to climate disasters – and transition to cleaner energy – without adding to their hefty debt loads.
Several African countries have lowered ambition for cutting emissions in their latest national climate plans (known as NDCs), citing a lack of funding that has hampered climate action.
For Africa’s climate negotiators, the challenge is not just about money, but making sure the reality of how they are experiencing global warming is recognised with practical solutions as the world strives for net zero emissions by mid-century.
Carlos Lopes, an economist from Guinea-Bissau, who is COP30’s special envoy for Africa, told Climate Home News he expects African countries to “go to the formal negotiations and denounce issues of climate injustice and claim what we believe is the compensation that is required to repair it”.
The goal, he said in an interview, is to change the narrative “to make sure that Africans are not going to be treated as if they were just the vulnerable crowd, the people that are suffering, the ones that need to be helped”.
With COP30 – billed by the Brazilian host government as the “implementation COP” – kicking off on Monday, here are some of the key themes African negotiators are focused on:
Debt-free finance
In Baku, developing countries failed to secure a promise of $1.3 trillion in annual financial support from rich donor governments, as they had proposed. Instead a new goal of $300 billion a year by 2035 was agreed, a sum poorer nations say falls far short of meeting their rising needs.
“We had fairly uncomfortable results in Baku,” Richard Muyungi, the Tanzanian chair of the African Group of Negotiators (AGN), told journalists in the run-up to this year’s COP30 summit.
African governments are hoping the “Baku to Belém Roadmap” – released ahead of COP30 but not formally part of the talks – will be put into practice, boosting the provision of climate cash from both public and private sources to $1.3 trillion a year by 2035.
To avoid heaping more debt on the continent, the bulk of the money should be grant-based resources, as opposed to loans, Muyungi said.
“[Developed countries must] be mindful of the fact that Africa is not ready to take additional burden in terms of financing,” he said, recalling the UN climate convention principle that countries that caused the climate crisis have a greater responsibility to meet the finance gap.
Africa’s debt has more than doubled in the past decade, with high interest repayments, long-term borrowing time-frames, global inflation, disasters and perceived risks fuelling the rising burden. The African Development Bank estimates that Africa’s total external debt had risen to $1.15 trillion by the end of 2023, with debt servicing reaching $163 billion in 2024, up sharply from $61 billion in 2010.
Unlocking adaptation cash to boost resilience
Adaptation is set to be a major theme of COP30 and African negotiators are aiming to unlock cash to implement their national adaptation plans (NAPs) and adopt metrics for adaptation progress that are tailored to Africa’s specific circumstances.
These metrics were narrowed down at June’s mid-year climate talks in Bonn and in the months since. This is seen as a crucial step for Africa and other developing countries because it will allow them to show how adaptation projects are being implemented on the ground – potentially drawing in more money to build the resilience of local people, economies and infrastructure.
Discussions on finalising a set of around 100 indicators are due to take place in Belém.
COP30 needs to adopt indicators that “reflect Africa’s and vulnerable countries’ realities”, demonstrate progress towards more predictable finance and put adaptation on a par with emissions reduction efforts, said Mohamed Adow, founder of the Nairobi-based think-tank Power Shift Africa.
African negotiators also want to see national adaptation plans becoming a reality on the ground.
So far, more than 20 African countries have submitted their NAPs, detailing measures to cope with climate stresses and disasters. South Africa, for instance, plans to roll out a National Disaster Management Framework, to build the capacity of its emergency response departments, such as health and fire.
But these adaptation strategies are still largely on paper, said AGN head Muyungi. “We have been given resources for the preparation of these plans, but the true implementation of what we need is not given attention,” he lamented.
Benefits for Congo Basin from the TFFF forest fund?
The Congo Basin is home to the world’s second-largest rainforest, yet the region received only 4% of international forest-related financing between 2017 and 2021, according to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).
That means African delegates in Belém are eager to hear more about the Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF), an investment-driven forest protection initiative launched last week by COP30 host Brazil.
Felix Tshisekedi, president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, told the pre-COP leaders’ summit that his country is keen to collaborate with other partners to ensure the TFFF is a success.
Explainer: what is the TFFF, Brazil’s COP30 rainforest fund?
Muyungi said questions remain about how the fund will work, however.
“How Africa will benefit from this is still debatable – but we have requested that we get engaged to ensure that we understand how this fund can help the continent,” he said.
In a position paper released ahead of the climate summit, African civil society groups said COP30 must recognise the Congo Basin “as a vital global climate asset and ensure equitable finance flows to its protection and sustainable management”.
Africa-led initiatives such as the Great Green Wall and the 100 million-hectare African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100) must also be supported to strengthen nature-based solutions, they added.
On Friday, Reuters reported that several European donor nations had signed up to a $2.5 billion plan to save the Congo rainforest, launching a conservation scheme that could be seen as a rival to the TFFF.
A just transition made for Africa
After negotiations on a Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP) stalled at COP29, activists want to see the issue back in focus at COP30 via a proposed Belém Action Mechanism – a framework to ensure climate action fosters social justice and equity in job creation and finance so that communities and workers reliant on coal mines or oil refineries are not left behind in the global shift to cleaner sources of energy.
Again, securing measures that reflect African concerns will be key, said Muyungi.
“The agenda here is to ensure that just transition is not about e-mobility, it’s not about the hydrogen economy, it’s about ensuring that Africa gets what it needs to be part of the world. Energy accessibility is one of the key priority issues in the just transition,” he said, noting that 600 million Africans still have no access to a reliable power supply.
In his statement at last week’s leaders’ summit in Belém, Ghana’s environment minister, Emmanuel Armah-Kofi Buah, said the shift to clean energy “must not leave vulnerable communities behind”, adding that workers in traditional industries need to be protected, with their voices guiding “our decisions as a bridge and not a cliff”.
And as the world transitions to clean energy, fuelling demand for minerals critical to supply chains, resource-rich African countries are pushing to ensure they reap direct benefits.
COP30 could confront “glaring gap” in clean energy agenda: mining
Civil society groups, in an open letter, urged delegates in Belém to put human rights, environmental protection and equity in mineral value chains at the forefront of COP30 discussions.
“We need to ensure that these critical minerals are indeed helping the continent to move from where we are to go to a better world,” Muyungi said.
Africa’s COP30 envoy Lopes said African countries want to ensure that discussions at COP30 on critical minerals focus on how those resources “should be used to power Africa’s transition” rather than those of other countries, and how the shift to clean energy can support their development more broadly.
Loss and damage payouts for climate impacts
Between 2020 and 2030, loss and damage costs in Africa are estimated to range between $280 billion-$440 billion a year, depending on the level of warming and severity of extreme weather events including storms, droughts, flooding and rising seas, according to the African Development Bank.
In its new climate plan, South Africa says climate impacts in the country have exceeded the limits of adaptation and it is now facing “irreplaceable loss” as climate change damages cultural heritage sites, erodes indigenous knowledge systems, shrinks farmlands, reduces economic growth and worsens health through problems like heat-driven illness. The plan calls for international support to help it cope.
At COP30, where the new global Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD) was due to put out its first call for proposals on Monday, African civil society groups want to see the fund provide grants to help climate-vulnerable nations on the continent with both sudden and slow-onset crises such as losses caused by rising seas or desertification.
Loss and damage fund will launch call for proposals at COP30
In the case of climate disasters, mechanisms for rapid emergency response and disbursement of money should also be established, they said. Those could include direct cash transfers to affected populations and budget support for national and local governments.
Africa COP30 envoy Lopes, who has previously held positions at the United Nations and African Union, said loss and damage must be addressed on “a tragedy-emergency basis”, adding that Africa needs a fund that is “efficient” and can “change the reality of an emergency as fast as possible”.
After the FRLD was launched to great fanfare two years ago at the COP28 talks in Dubai, there were hopes for quick results, he noted, but so far little has materialised and the fund – which currently has only around $400 million in its coffers – has received no significant new donations.
“It’s one more instance where climate justice is being shortchanged with words that continue to over-promise and under-deliver,” Lopes said.
The post What do African countries want from COP30? appeared first on Climate Home News.
Climate Change
Sewing and Painting the Future

© Harriet Spark / Grumpy Turtle Film / Greenpeace
The banner drop is a distinctive part of the Greenpeace repertoire.
The moment of the unfolding is intrinsically dramatic. It is the reveal; when the moral and scientific truth of a situation is unveiled to the world. The wrong is being labelled—not through a written submission, or a social media post, or a statement in a meeting—but in words emblazoned in real physical space, chosen and occupied with precision, for all to see. There is jeopardy and transgression. And there are consequences—for the activists and for Greenpeace, as well as for the target of the communication. One of the reasons the banner remains such an effective tool in our toolbox is because of its undeniable clarity in cutting through, driving change and accountability in a way that few other tactics can. It is naming the wrong: in giant, clear letters.
We’ve hung these massive messages at environmental crime scenes, corporate headquarters, and iconic landmarks; on government buildings, ships and planes—in locations all around the world, for years.
My own memories unfurl even as I write this, but because the campaign to stop Woodside at Scott Reef is so pressing, what immediately springs to mind are two of our banners in that campaign: one on a crane outside their Perth HQ, and another on some of their corroding industrial junk at sea. What about you? Is there a particular banner that you picture when you think of Greenpeace?
The banners can attract global attention, but they have quiet beginnings. Each one is made by hand, often by volunteers. It is the invisible labour behind each spectacular public moment. One of the key pieces of equipment in our workshop at Rainbow Warrior House is the sewing machine. Sometimes our workshop is full of people and noise; at others it is quiet, the only sound being the gentle, purposeful, whir and buzz of a banner being sewn. It is usually our warehouse manager, Kieran Holmes, on the tools, head over the machine, carefully pouring over the raw canvas or tarp as the banner takes shape. Kieran’s one of those people who seems to be able to turn his hand to almost anything, but you wouldn’t know it because he’s old-school modest. In addition to being incredibly skilled, Kieran’s an all-round beaut human to have in the heart of our headquarters; never too busy to take the time to show a newcomer, or curious visitor, around his domain.
Once the banner is sewn up, the lettering needs to be outlined. This is done on a magnetic wall—a fit-for-purpose feature at Rainbow Warrior House, where the banner is held up with magnets, and the edges of the letters neatly traced from a projection.
Next comes the painting. It usually starts late in the afternoon, sometimes going into evenings and weekends, with volunteers, staff, mates crowded around, brushes in hand. It is a calming meditative feeling of shared purpose, giving each letter its visual heft, the colour building power and presence with each stroke.
Then you stand back, stretch, and look at the message, now ready.
S A V E S C O T T R E E F
Throughout history, every great push for social change has required some form of invisible labour; preparation in the form of quiet things seldom seen, but vital. It is the enabling work of love instantiated in action. And of course, so much of the time it has been women who have done this labour, so that the men could get the chance to make the speeches and stand on the podiums. The inaugural Greenpeace voyage to stop nuclear testing in 1971 had a male-only crew, but wouldn’t have happened without the ideas and work of women behind the scenes.
It is what we do together, after all, that changes the world. Sometimes that work happens on a stage, a ship on the wild seas, or up the side of a building. But mostly, it is the hidden diligence of those who care and contribute to all the enabling work that makes a change once thought impossible, inevitable. It is Kieran at his sewing machine. It was Dorothy Stowe doing the administrative work of the ‘Don’t Make A Wave Committee’ that became Greenpeace.
When we think of social change, it is the sturm and drang that we remember. The drop of the banner, the chant of the crowd, the raising of the new flag. But look behind the curtain, and there’ll be a crew of people who are taking responsibility for the administration, the sewing and the painting, making the food, checking the bus timetables, getting stuff done. And behind them are even more handsinvisibly donating time and trust; the financial, material and expert resources that make it all possible. There’s love, camaraderie and know-how at every stage.
We are social and cooperative creatures by nature. And we human beings have been stitching for millenia, sewing the possibilities of our common future. Political and corporate bullies and algorithmically manipulative platforms would have us forget this, and abandon who we are. But we should be in no doubt that the brighter prospects for ourselves and life on earth continue to be stitched and painted; collaboratively and with love, by the diligent hands of millions of people who care, each day, in every community and city across the world.
With Love,
David
Q & A
I always get great questions when interviewing prospective new team members. One that came up again recently was: “Is Greenpeace actually one organisation?”
Around the world, people know Greenpeace by our one global name, united by a shared mission: securing an Earth capable of nurturing life in all its magnificent diversity, with a particular focus on climate and biodiversity. Behind the scenes, though, we’re organised as a network of 25 legally autonomous national and regional offices, including Greenpeace Australia Pacific, working alongside Greenpeace International.
That structure gives us the best of both worlds: we work together leveraging the power of a global network on the issues that matter most, while each office remains legally independent and deeply connected to the communities, cultures and political realities where we’re embedded. Local knowledge informs global action, and global collaboration strengthens and supports local campaigns.
It’s a model that has enabled Greenpeace to take on some of the world’s biggest challenges for over five decades–while withstanding challenges and attacks from governments and corporations. Global enough to tackle global problems, local enough to understand our communities and the natural places we love.
If you’re curious to learn more, you can read about the Greenpeace Global Network structure here.
Climate Change
As fires burn and temperatures soar, it’s time to imagine a world beyond GDP
Steven Stone is acting director of the United Nations Environment Programme’s Office of Science
In 1934, American economist Simon Kuznets presented a paper to Congress advocating for a new way of measuring economic performance.
The United States was reeling from the Great Depression, and Kuznets – a future Novel prize winner – wanted to gauge just how badly the country’s economy had been dented.
His metric, which would come to be known as gross domestic product (GDP), was a breakthrough. But as pioneering as it was, Kuznets saw its limitations.
“The welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income,” he wrote in the 1934 paper.
Some nine decades on, we have largely forgotten that message. GDP has become a barometer of economic progress, a kind of one-number-that-rules-them-all upon which national policies turn and governments rise and fall.
With the climate crisis deepening by the day – as evidenced by the heatwaves and wildfires now searing Europe – our attachment to GDP is looking like a problem.
In a single-minded pursuit of GDP growth, humanity is inadvertently feeding several environmental crises that, over the long run, threaten to make most of us poorer, sicker and more miserable. Climate change alone could slice 20 per cent off global GDP by 2100 – a staggering number.
Clear-cutting boosts GDP not wealth
We need to broaden our vision and definition of economic success before it’s too late.
I grew up in the 1970s and 80s surrounded by the mixed hardwood forests of the northeastern United States. For me, the trees were a refuge, a place to run, discover and savor the history and mystery of the land and its people.
Those experiences with my friends were more important than the amount of money in my pocket. And they led to a realization early on in my career as an economist: that wealth is about more than just income.
This is one of GDP’s most significant oversights.
With every forest we clear cut and every ounce of fossil fuel we burn, GDP rises. But through those actions, we are whittling away at the natural world, which supplies us with food, water, medicine, clean air and countless other essentials.
By focusing only on GDP, we’re ignoring what’s happening to the natural assets on which our prosperity ultimately depends. It’s like we’re driving a car and only looking at the speedometer, not the energy remaining in the battery.
That is the difference between measuring income versus measuring wealth.
The answer to this dilemma lies in looking beyond GDP. We must start considering a broader range of indicators when making policy decisions.
From an environmental perspective, that means measuring and valuing natural assets like forests, water, soil, biodiversity and clean air. By assigning a value to nature, decision-makers can better understand the economic consequences of, say, strip-mining a mountain top or letting plastic waste overwhelm a river.
There is still some debate over how exactly to do this kind of natural capital accounting. But that’s not a reason to dismiss it, as many have done. It took years of refinement to end up with the GDP formula we have today.
Costa Rica’s example
The idea of looking beyond GDP isn’t only a theoretical debate. Countries and communities around the world have started to make economic decisions based on their natural assets. A prime example is Costa Rica, a biodiversity hotspot where a years-long effort to conserve land and seascapes has led to a boom in tourism. That in part helped elevate the country into the club of high-income nations.
This kind of environmentally focused economic decision making can pay huge dividends. By stabilizing the climate, ending pollution and halting the loss of the natural world, humanity could save millions of lives a year and create US$20 trillion in economic benefits annually by 2070, found the Global Environment Outlook 7, a 2025 report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The report was funded by the European Union among others.
I began my career as an economist before moving to UNEP, which focuses on solving the world’s thorniest environmental problems. During that time, I’ve come to appreciate that “wealth” means more than simply “income.” True prosperity means being able to provide for ourselves now and into the future. Anything short of that is an empty kind of affluence – and ultimately doomed to be short-lived.
As deadly heat blankets our cities, species slip into extinction and the planet struggles with rising toxicity and pollution, I am convinced that we can do better at measuring what matters. And that means updating and expanding how we measure economic progress.
The post As fires burn and temperatures soar, it’s time to imagine a world beyond GDP appeared first on Climate Home News.
As fires burn and temperatures soar, it’s time to imagine a world beyond GDP
Climate Change
When taps run dry in the Caribbean, it’s not enough to blame El Niño
Amira Odeh Quiñones is a hydrologist and Caribbean organiser for the 350.org climate campaign group
El Niño, likely to be one of the strongest in modern history, has arrived on Caribbean shores.
Drought is slowly creeping up on our islands. But unlike the fiery wildfires ravaging parts of Europe, there’s no smoke signalling the damage being done, no sirens to warn of the danger. Only announcements from public health officials to stay indoors and remain hydrated — as if outdoor workers and farming communities have the luxury to heed such advice.
During El Niño, strong atmospheric winds alter rain patterns and trap heat across the Caribbean. But while we have experienced El Niño many times before, it has become very visible in recent years how climate change is making this natural phenomenon worse.
Across the Greater Antilles, temperatures are soaring past 38°C (100°F), with real-feel indexes reaching a gruelling 43°C in parts of Puerto Rico where I live. Cuba has it worse. Widespread power outages mean that methods for cooling down are unavailable for most of the day, leaving millions of vulnerable people at risk of heat stroke when temperatures hit 38°C.
Santa Marta coalition tested as co-chair Colombia turns back to fossil fuels
During the last strong drought a decade ago, I had water only two days a week in my home. Today, there are many families whose taps are about to run completely dry. Water authorities have already begun strict rationing in some municipalities, with more on the list scheduled for rationing if conditions don’t change.
Water rationing is far more than an inconvenience; it is an immediate health risk. This means thousands of people need to constantly haul heavy buckets up flights of stairs just so they could bathe, cook, stay hydrated – the basics of survival.
Heat causes health problems
Puerto Rico is home to roughly 300,000 elderly residents. Many live alone, isolated and without support. They risk severe physical injury when carrying heavy water containers, and are wont to suffer from silent heat exhaustion in unventilated rooms.
Furthermore, when water shortages force residents to store water in open household containers, it inadvertently creates breeding grounds for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Paired with scorching temperatures that tend to shorten the mosquito breeding cycle, the region is facing explosive outbreaks of dengue fever that endanger our most vulnerable: children and the elderly.
The economic fallout is equally devastating. Dry fields mean millions of dollars in lost crops, forcing small agricultural businesses to collapse, needing urgent government relief to survive. Extreme fuel shortages have already paralyzed Cuba’s agricultural sector, cutting food output by 60% – the El Niño dry spell threatens to decimate it.
At sea, warmer ocean waters fuel massive influxes of sargassum seaweed. Rotting sargassum chokes our beaches, destroying the local tourism industry that so many working families rely on. Tangled seaweed also damages nets and boat engines, slashing fish catches and driving up equipment costs for local fishers.
In the south of Puerto Rico, the coastal town of La Parguera is currently witnessing a historic amount of sargassum on its shores. This has halted most of the boating activity in the area, which is the seaside town’s main tourist draw and economic driver.
All over the Caribbean, from town halls to local group gatherings, the story I hear is always the same: constant headaches, lost work hours, failing health, and a sense that quality of life is silently being stolen. The compounding effects of heatwaves, drought, and marine destruction are exhausting our people, our islands.
Climate change to blame
Climate change makes each El Niño year hotter and more damaging. Higher baseline global temperatures increase the energy and moisture available for extreme weather. Latest projections show that El Niño may push the monthly global average temperature past 2°C of warming for the first time in early 2027. In the Caribbean islands, that will not just be breaking records – it’ll be breaking lives.
Recently, I had the opportunity to share a panel with climate scientists behind what is known as the field of “attribution science” – or the science that compares today’s climate conditions to what the Earth’s climate would be like without human activity, particularly burning fossil fuels. They’re unequivocal: it’s no longer a question of whether extreme weather is caused by climate change, it’s just a question of how much.
Attribution science recently got a boost from the U.S.’ top scientific advisory body. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine recognized that researchers’ methods have advanced considerably in recent years, resulting in better assessments on how much extreme weather can be attributed to human-caused climate change. It noted that attribution findings could be relevant in some types of legal cases, including those seeking damages from oil companies for climate impacts.
This crisis, which is already taking a heavy toll on our communities’ survival, needs real, urgent, and structural action that goes beyond aid. With similar droughts now gripping parts of Asia and Africa, we’re falling into the familiar narrative of treating the looming humanitarian crisis as if no one was to blame, as if it is being caused solely by a natural phenomenon we can’t control.
It’s not. The world was already on fire before its regular visitor, El Niño, came. While we need humanitarian action, we need climate action too, in order to permanently put out the flames.
The post When taps run dry in the Caribbean, it’s not enough to blame El Niño appeared first on Climate Home News.
When taps run dry in the Caribbean, it’s not enough to blame El Niño
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