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人工智能(AI)等技术的蓬勃发展带动了中国数据中心的“爆发式增长”,同时也推高了能源消耗和碳排放。

截至2023年底,中国以449个数据中心的数量位居亚太地区之首。

国际能源署(IEA)最新报告显示,2024年中国数据中心用电量已占全球数据中心用电总量的25%,成为仅次于美国的全球第二大电力消耗国。

与各国情况类似,中国数据中心用电量预计将在未来几年持续快速增长,人工智能的兴起是重要推动因素之一。

不过,当前实际需求规模及未来增速仍存在不确定性。

现阶段,其他驱动因素对电力需求增长的影响仍远大于数据中心。

虽然各方对数据中心的预测数据存在差异,但有报告指出,其电力需求可能从2025年的100-200TWh(太瓦时)激增至2030年的600TWh,相应的CO2排放量或将达到200MtCO2e(百万吨二氧化碳当量)。

尽管中央和地方政府已出台多项政策以应对数据中心的环境影响,但挑战依然存在。

电力需求不断增长

中国国务院援引官媒《中国日报》2021年的一份报道称,2020年中国数据中心耗电量达200TWh,约占当年全国总用电量的2.7%,预计到2030年将增至400TWh(占比3.7%)。政府最新数据显示,2022年数据中心用电量为77TWh,2025年预计为150-200TWh,2030年或达400TWh。

2025年初,彭博社援引高盛(Goldman Sachs)更高预估称,中国数据中心的电力需求“预计将增长两倍多(从目前的200TWh),到2030年可能接近600TWh”。

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相比之下,国际能源署(IEA)的预测则更为保守,其预计2024年中国数据中心用电量仅为100TWh,到2027年可能翻倍。

无论从占全国电力需求的比重,还是作为需求增长的驱动力来看,数据中心的规模仍然有限。

不同机构的数据显示,当前中国数据中心用电量约占全国总用电量的0.9%至2.7%。

彭博社指出,数据中心的用电量“不到制造业的十分之一”,并提到仅2024年一年,工业用电需求就增加了300TWh。

国际能源署表示,自2022年以来,数据中心仅占新增电力需求的3%,到2027年这一比例可能升至6%。该机构认为,中国电力需求增长的主要推动力来自工业领域,包括工业电气化及供热和交通电气化。

不过,国务院发展研究中心资源与环境政策研究所副主任韩雪表示,到2025年底,数据中心相关的CO2排放量预计将占全国总排放量的1%。

建设“绿色数据中心”

2021年,中国宣布了一项为期三年的行动计划,旨在建设“高效、清洁、集约、循环”的“新型数据中心”。

该行动计划包括提高数据中心PUE(电能利用效率)的措施。PUE是衡量数据中心能源效率最常用的指标。

其计算方式是将数据中心总能耗除以IT设备能耗。该比值越高,表明数据中心的能效越低。

截至行动计划结束,全国数据中心平均PUE已从上年的1.54降至1.48。

2024年提出的新目标是到2025年将大型数据中心的PUE控制在1.25以下。相比之下,拥有欧洲最多数据中心的德国要求现有数据中心从2027年起平均PUE需达到1.5。

与此同时,中国于2022年启动了备受期待的“东数西算”国家工程,旨在处理东部人口稠密省份产生的数据。该项目鼓励在西部太阳能和风能资源丰富的地区建设新数据中心,以支持东部繁忙的大都市。

根据该工程规划,中西部地区的数据中心将处理更多非实时云计算需求,如离线分析和存储备份,而对时效性要求高的数据服务仍由东部地区提供。

内蒙古等北方地区的地方政府也出台了配套政策,推动数据中心与可再生能源设施协同建设。

此外,北京地方政府已为数据中心提供资金支持,用于改善其PUE。而南方科技中心广东省则选择将部分数据中心建在海底,以减少冷却需求并降低能耗。

自2020年起,中国政府持续跟踪数据中心能源转型进展。2024年最新数据显示,全国已有50余个数据中心达到“绿色”能源标准,其中国家电网1个、互联网企业14个。

面临可再生能源挑战

到2030年,中国数据中心预计将消耗400TWh至600TWh的电力,相关排放量可能达到200MtCO2e。

当前,中国可再生能源资源主要集中在北方地区,而电力需求仍集中在东南沿海。这意味着,即便有“东数西算”工程的支持,数据中心通常也依赖于长距离输电来使用可再生能源。

“绿色电力在数据中心行业应用前景广阔,但仍面临诸多挑战。”绿色和平气候与能源资深项目主任吕歆说。

她向Carbon Brief指出:“完成跨省绿色电力交易仍然非常困难。”她解释道,这主要受限于可再生能源发电的不稳定性以及长距离输电线路的高昂运维成本。

中国已出台相关政策,支持绿电直供数据中心,并建设了配备专用可再生能源和储能设施的“绿色电力产业园区”。

“这些政策的推进和市场机制的完善将促进数据中心使用绿电。”吕歆补充道。

另一项挑战是数据中心的用水需求。由于需要大量冷却用水,数据中心可能加剧西部和北部地区本就紧张的水资源压力。

为应对这一问题,北京、宁夏和甘肃等地政府已出台强制性措施,要求提升数据中心用水效率,并逐步淘汰电力和水效率低下的数据中心。

随着数据中心规模不断扩大以满足人工智能运算需求,未来可能出现更多耗电量达数千兆瓦的”超大规模”数据中心,这将带来更大的电力供应压力。在国家整体电力结构中,采用更清洁的燃料组合有助于减少排放。

但研究机构SemiAnalysis指出,由于中国对煤炭的依赖,当前中国数据中心“在排放方面处于明显劣势”。

目前煤炭在中国能源结构中占比约60.5%。国际能源署数据显示,中国大部分数据中心所在的东部地区,约70%电力来自煤电。不过该机构预测,2030年后可再生能源与核能的快速发展将“推动煤炭的退出”。

该报告预计,到2035年,可再生能源和核能将“共同满足中国数据中心60%的电力供应”。

The post 解读:中国如何应对数据中心能源增长的需求 appeared first on Carbon Brief.

解读:中国如何应对数据中心能源增长的需求

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Climate Change

Climate adaptation in Africa needs investment, not imported solutions

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Ellen Davies is head of programmes at the African Climate Foundation and is based in Kenya. Wole Hammond is programme officer for adaptation and resilience at the foundation, based in Nigeria.

For generations, African communities have lived on the frontlines of climate disruption, managing erratic rainfall, prolonged droughts and the slow erosion of their livelihoods, which depend on predictable seasons.

When the rains failed across Southern Africa in 2024, it was but the latest chapter of a crisis already long underway. During that season, maize crop failures of 40-80% devastated farming communities in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi, where roughly 70% of people depend on rain-fed agriculture. Governments already stretched by debt were forced to raid development budgets, trading long-term growth for emergency relief.

Then came the floods. In early 2026, parts of Mozambique, Zimbabwe and South Africa received over a year’s worth of rain in days. More than 2 million people were affected. In East Africa, drought has displaced nearly 62,000 people in Somalia this year alone, with nearly one in four Somalis now facing acute food insecurity.

This is what climate change looks like on the ground – not parts per million or diplomatic jargon, but whether a school stays open after floods cut off the road, whether a clinic can function in extreme heat, whether a country can still invest in its future when every year brings another disaster bill.

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Africa as a continent contributes the least to global emissions yet bears a disproportionate share of the consequences. Nine of the ten countries most vulnerable to climate change are African. As livelihoods collapse and rural economies fail, migration pressures will intensify, driven by climate change intersecting with poverty, conflict and constrained opportunity.

Chronic under-funding

Europe is only now beginning to experience, in more limited form, what African communities have navigated for decades with far less fiscal space, thinner insurance coverage and fewer resources for recovery. With El Niño conditions confirmed and a “super” version of the naturally occurring weather pattern possible later this year, the pressure is set to intensify further.

In Africa, climate action is fundamentally a development challenge where adaptation and mitigation must go hand in hand. Building a solar grid and flood-proofing the road that serves it are not separate agendas. Yet for too long, the global climate conversation has prioritised mitigation while leaving adaptation – the work of protecting lives, livelihoods and economies in a changing climate – chronically under-funded.

The result is three compounding gaps. A visibility gap: much of Africa’s adaptation work remains under-documented and under-recognised in global climate narratives. A financing gap: capital does not flow at the scale or speed required to the people and institutions best placed to use it. And a decision-making gap: too many solutions are still designed elsewhere and imported into African contexts, rather than backing African-led platforms to scale what is already working.

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Solutions ready for finance

The solutions exist. Rwanda’s green investment fund has mobilised climate finance at national scale through its own systems. Egypt’s Nexus of Water, Food and Energy programme has shown how integrated planning can stretch limited resources across interdependent systems.

Zambia’s Presidential Irrigation Initiative is building climate-resilient food production from the ground up. In Pata, Senegal, a solar irrigation project has unlocked agricultural production and created jobs, demonstrating how integrated investments in water, energy and livelihoods can deliver resilience and development gains simultaneously.

In South Africa, the African Climate Foundation’s work with the South African Local Government Association (SALGA) is supporting district municipalities to assess their climate risks and develop fit-for-purpose Climate Action Plans, building adaptation capacity where it is needed most – at the local level.

These are not pilot projects waiting to be validated. They are working systems waiting for investment.

Closing the gaps requires a decisive shift in posture from global finance, philanthropy and development institutions. It means backing country-led platforms that can prepare, aggregate and finance adaptation projects. It means investing in place-based initiatives grounded in local knowledge.

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It means fostering intra- and inter-continental collaboration, so that lessons from Kigali inform decisions in Nairobi and innovations in Lagos reach communities in Dakar. And it means treating adaptation as core economic infrastructure, not charitable relief.

Invest now for future gains

The economic case is clear. Every dollar invested in climate adaptation returns an estimated four dollars in benefits on average – and up to five in the poorest economies. Under-investment in African adaptation is as economically irrational as it is morally unjust.

The world depends on Africa’s food systems, its young workforce – the majority of the continent’s population is under 25 – and its minerals. Several African countries supply a substantial share of the copper, cobalt and other critical materials underpinning the global clean energy transition.

Drought in Zambia has already shown how climate stress can disrupt hydropower, electricity supply and mining output. A transition that depends on African minerals cannot afford to ignore African climate resilience.

The world can continue to under-fund adaptation and pay repeatedly for emergencies, instability and lost development. Or it can invest now in the people, institutions and systems already doing the work on the ground in Africa, not in solutions imported from elsewhere.

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Africa has the agency, the knowledge and the platforms. What it needs is the finance to match. A super El Niño will not wait for consensus to form. Neither, frankly, should we.

The post Climate adaptation in Africa needs investment, not imported solutions appeared first on Climate Home News.

Climate adaptation in Africa needs investment, not imported solutions

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Climate Change

DeBriefed 26 June 2026: Heat records broken across Europe | London climate action week | Introducing ‘Project Cosmos’

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Welcome to Carbon Brief’s DeBriefed.
An essential guide to the week’s key developments relating to climate change.

This week

Record Europe heat

HOTTEST EVER: The UK broke its temperature record for June twice this week, while France recorded its hottest day ever two days in a row, reported the Guardian. The Times reported that temperatures reached 36.7C in Somerset on Thursday, as the “London Ambulance Service had its busiest-ever day for life-threatening emergencies”.

FRANCE FRYING: French newspaper Libération said that temperatures reached as high as 44.3C in the south-western commune of Pissos on Wednesday. Spain also recorded its highest daily average temperature for June, said BBC News. On Thursday, Switzerland also had its hottest June day, when temperatures reached 37C in four locations, reported SwissInfo.

CLIMATE LINK: CNN covered a rapid analysis from the World Weather Attribution service finding that fossil-fuelled climate change has made this heatwave the most severe and widespread in Europe’s history. Carbon Brief covered the broken heat records, explaining the influence of climate change.

‘Electrifying’ London talks

‘LONDON COOKING’: In a sweltering, packed-out event at London climate action week, UN chief António Guterres quipped that “London is not just calling, it’s cooking”, reported Edie. Guterres also used his address to release a “global call to action on methane” and to call on artificial intelligence companies to reveal their environmental impact and source their power solely from renewables by 2030, said the publication.

‘ELECTRIFY NOW’: Elsewhere, dozens of governments, led by the EU and the UK, committed to throwing “their political weight” behind a rapid electrification of the world’s economy, according to Climate Home News. A high-level summit in London’s Mansion House saw energy ministers and business leaders, joined by Guterres, in “calling for faster action to curb demand for oil, coal and gas by powering homes, industry and transport with clean electricity”.

FOSSIL TRANSITION: At the same event, ministers from Colombia and the Netherlands, the co-hosts of the world’s first summit on transitioning away from fossil fuels in April, unveiled a report on their key takeaways. It comes after the current Colombian government has been ousted by a presidential election defeat to a fossil-fuel-supporting Trump ally. Carbon Brief examined what this could mean for the world’s energy transition.

Around the world

  • UK TARGET: The UK parliament has approved its “seventh carbon budget”, aimed at cutting emissions 87% below 1990 levels by 2040.
  • TOTAL ACCOUNTABILITY: A French court has ordered oil-and-gas giant TotalEnergies to account for the emissions from the use of its products, following a case brought by a climate NGO, reported Le Monde.
  • METHANE RULES: The US, Qatar and other major energy exporters have urged the EU to “rewrite planned methane emissions” rules for oil-and-gas imports, ‌saying that the policy could disrupt fuel supplies to Europe, according to Reuters.
  • CHINA MESSAGE: China’s special envoy for climate change, Liu Zhenmin, said at the World Economic Forum that energy shortages triggered by the Iran war should be a “lesson to countries to accelerate their energy transitions”, reported Bloomberg.
  • US WEBSITE REVIVED: Former US government workers have “recreated a valuable climate-science website” shut down by the Trump administration last year, said the New York Times.

6,600 animals

The number of livestock that perished in transport during heat in England and Wales from June to August 2025, double the number killed the year before, reported Carbon Brief.


Latest climate research

  • Some world regions are experiencing up to 50 additional heat stress days annually, when compared to 1950 | Nature Climate Change
  • Projections of national land-use emissions to 2100 suggest the strongest “carbon sinks” will be in China and Indonesia, whereas Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo will “dominate global sources” | Nature
  • Most carbon-offset projects relying on “avoided deforestation” have “mixed, negligible or negative impacts relative to control areas” | Nature Climate Change

(For more, see Carbon Brief’s in-depth daily summaries of the top climate news stories on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday.)

Captured

The UK government’s official climate advisers, the Climate Change Committee (CCC), has released its latest progress report, emphasising that faster electrification is the best way to secure lower energy bills and stronger energy security. Electrification has shot up the agenda in recent months, with the COP31 presidency calling for countries to back a global goal for 35% of “final” energy to come from electricity by 2035. The text of the CCC’s latest report uses the word “electrification” far more often than previous editions, as shown in the figure above. See Carbon Brief’s in-depth breakdown of the CCC’s latest advice.

Spotlight

Introducing ‘Project Cosmos’

Carbon Brief explains how it built a major new database of climate science research and unveils a new ranking of the 500 most highly cited publications, authors and institutions in climate science.

This week, Carbon Brief launched Project Cosmos – the world’s largest and most complete database of climate change research.

The database features more than 1.8m academic papers, books and reports, capturing the vast body of human knowledge about climate change that has accumulated over more than a century of academic study.

The climate science “universe” is based on reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which are recognised as the world’s most authoritative summaries of the latest climate science.

Since its first report was published in 1990, humanity’s knowledge about human-caused climate change has ballooned. The IPCC has published six sets of reports in total – each one longer than the last.

In total, IPCC reports reference more than 100,000 other papers, books and reports. This is the core of our climate science universe. Carbon Brief then built on this core, by looking at four other sources of data. Read more about how the Cosmos database was created here.

Every single publication in the Cosmos database is linked to at least one other through references. Visualising these links reveals a “galaxy” of references.

In the image above, each colour and cluster reveals different topics and densities of research. Explore the galaxy in an interactive map.

Cosmos 500

As part of an initial wave of preliminary analysis to demonstrate the scope of the Project Cosmos database, Carbon Brief has ranked the 500 most highly cited publications, authors and institutions in the database.

The most highly cited climate scientist is Prof Philippe Ciais, who has spent almost four decades researching the planet’s carbon cycle – and the ways in which humans have been impacting its balance. Carbon Brief recently interviewed Ciais in Paris.

The US tops the tables for the most highly cited authors and institutions. Almost half of the 500 most highly-cited authors are from US institutions. This raises particular concerns for the future of climate science, as US climate scientists and institutions are coming under attack under the Trump administration.

Experts from global south countries account for only 4% of all authors in the Cosmos 500. China stands out as the most highly-cited global south country. Meanwhile, only 10% of authors in the Cosmos 500 are women.

There are many possibilities for future avenues of research using the Cosmos database. Over time, the database could be used to reveal, for example, how interest in different areas of climate science has changed over time, plus identify potential knowledge gaps and, thus, opportunities for future research.

Carbon Brief invites researchers – including academics, journalists and analysts – to submit their own proposals for co-authored studies, literature reviews and analytical projects. Proposals should be sent to cosmos AT carbonbrief DOT org.

This spotlight first appeared in Cited, Carbon Brief’s new fortnightly newsletter focused on climate research. Sign up for free.

Watch, read, listen

‘DOOMSDAY CULT’: OpenDemocracy reported on a “religious cult” spreading climate misinformation in “parliaments” and at “COP summits”.

‘WEDGES’ EXAMINED: ProPublica and Drilled released an investigation into how oil executives worked to influence a climate research paper from Princeton University known as “wedges”.

‘1976 to 2056’: A 30-minute YouTube video from the Met Office had climate scientists explaining how current UK temperatures compare to the infamous 1976 heatwave, and how extremes could worsen by 2056.

Coming up

Pick of the jobs

DeBriefed is edited by Daisy Dunne. Please send any tips or feedback to debriefed@carbonbrief.org.

This is an online version of Carbon Brief’s weekly DeBriefed email newsletter. Subscribe for free here.

The post DeBriefed 26 June 2026: Heat records broken across Europe | London climate action week | Introducing ‘Project Cosmos’ appeared first on Carbon Brief.

DeBriefed 26 June 2026: Heat records broken across Europe | London climate action week | Introducing ‘Project Cosmos’

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Q&A: What change of power in Colombia could mean for world’s fossil-fuel transition

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Over the last four years, Colombia has emerged as one of the most vocal advocates for the world to transition away from fossil fuels.

Under the leadership of leftist politician and economist Gustavo Petro, it became the first major oil-and-gas producer to commit to halting all new fossil-fuel expansion.

In April, the nation hosted a first-of-its-kind meeting of countries on transitioning away from fossil fuels, alongside the Netherlands, in the Caribbean city of Santa Marta.

The meeting concluded with a promise for a new “Santa Marta process” spearheaded by Colombia and the Netherlands, a movement of countries that would continue to push for a transition away from fossil fuels at home – and at international climate talks.

But on 21 June, an ally of Petro suffered defeat in a presidential election runoff against Abelardo de la Espriella, a hard-right populist and favourite of US president Donald Trump, who has pledged to boost oil production and pursue “fracking to the max”.

Below, Carbon Brief examines what the loss could mean for Colombia’s stance on fossil fuels, as well as international efforts to transition away from coal, oil and gas, including at the COP31 climate summit in Turkey in November.

How could the election defeat change Colombia’s stance on fossil fuels?

In 2022, Petro became Colombia’s first left-wing president in recent history.

Under his leadership, Colombia became the first major oil producer and exporter to halt all new fossil-fuel expansion, boosted renewable energy and saw a sustained decline in deforestation.

At the COP28 summit in 2023, Petro announced that Colombia would become the first major oil exporter to sign the fossil-fuel non-proliferation treaty, a pact to legally control fossil-fuel production and use.

Fossil Fuel Treaty Initiative on X: Colombia just became the tenth country to join the call for a FossilFuelTreaty

Successive Colombian environment ministers became among the most vocal supporters of transitioning away from fossil fuels at UN climate talks.

This included former minister Susana Muhamad, a political scientist and environmentalist who stepped in to lead the most recent UN biodiversity summit in 2024 after original host Turkey was forced to withdraw following earthquakes.

She was succeeded by Irene Vélez Torres, a former academic who led calls for a “fossil-fuel roadmap” to be part of the formal outcome at the COP30 summit in 2025.

At the sidelines of COP30, Vélez Torres and Netherlands climate minister Stientje van Veldhoven announced plans to co-host a first-of-its-kind summit on transitioning away from fossil fuels in Colombia in April 2026.

(In the end, countries failed to agree to a formally negotiated “fossil-fuel roadmap” at COP30. However, the Brazilian COP30 presidency promised to bring forward a voluntary roadmap instead, informed by the Santa Marta summit.)

Some 57 countries – representing one-third of the world’s economy – participated in the event, with officials describing it as “refreshing”, “highly successful” and “groundbreaking”, according to Carbon Brief’s reporting from Colombia.

The meeting concluded with a range of outcomes, including a second fossil-fuel transition summit to be co-hosted by Tuvalu and Ireland in 2027.

In stark contrast to Petro’s government, new hard-right populist president Abelardo de la Espriella has promised to quickly boost new fossil-fuel and mining projects, including by “fracking to the max”.

Colombia President-elect Abelardo de la Espriella in Bogota on 25 June.
Colombia President-elect Abelardo de la Espriella in Bogota on 25 June. Credit: Associated Press / Alamy Stock Photo

De la Espriella has also promised to build 10 “mega prisons” inside Colombia’s Amazon rainforest.

He has not yet commented on whether he will withdraw Colombia from Santa Marta’s “coalition of the willing”.

How could it affect international efforts to transition away from fossil fuels?

Just two days after the Colombian government’s election defeat, environment minister Vélez Torres took to the stage at London climate action week, alongside Netherlands climate minister van Veldhoven, to present a report on key takeaways from the Santa Marta summit.

The report, written before the election loss, speaks of an ongoing “Santa Marta process” to accelerate the global transition away from fossil fuels. It says that this will be coordinated by Colombia and the Netherlands, along with the two appointed co-hosts of the second conference on transitioning away from fossil fuels, Tuvalu and Ireland.

Acknowledging that this was likely to be one of her last addresses as Colombia’s environment minister, Vélez Torres told the audience that, going forward, the Santa Marta process must be resilient to “political setbacks”.

At the sidelines of the event, Vélez Torres told Carbon Brief that the work her government has done “cannot be erased”, despite a change in power. She said:

“Right now, we are facing the dark nights, this will really shift the politics in terms of energy position and environmental protection. But we are certain that our legacy will continue. It goes beyond governments.”

Dutch minister van Veldhoven told Carbon Brief that the plan for the “Santa Marta process” is to hold fossil-fuel transition summits in a different country every year, with two new co-hosts each time. This could help weather political shocks, she said:

“We know that every couple of years there will be elections. That is why [we have] the idea of rotating presidencies and chairmanships…while we make sure we make use of existing secretariats and organisations that are not subject to political changes every couple of years.

“In that combination, we hope to create a historic legacy and continue to drive the process forward, but also [create space for] a new energy from two new countries every year that bring their own perspective and their own dynamic.”

Although new countries could drive the process forward without Colombia, there are few major oil producers that have shown the same level of commitment to transitioning away from fossil fuels.

Ana Toni, an economist and CEO of the COP30 summit in Brazil, told Carbon Brief at London climate action week that the world will “miss the leadership of Colombia”, but added:

“Not one country will stop this movement. All countries need to chip in. There isn’t one leader for this topic. Everybody needs to join forces.”

How could efforts to transition away from fossil fuels feature at COP31?

At London climate action week, Colombia and the Netherlands presented their Santa Marta report to the Brazilian COP30 presidency.

The COP30 presidency is due to release a voluntary international “fossil-fuel roadmap” ahead of COP31 in Turkey in November, which it has promised will be informed by the takeaways from Santa Marta.

Speaking at the sidelines of London climate action week, Colombia and the Netherlands added that they have had “constructive” conversations with the COP31 co-presidencies, Australia and Turkey, about how to incorporate the discussions from Santa Marta.

Colombian environment minister Irene Vélez Torres told a small group of journalists:

“We had this very interesting conversation with COP31 and they were clearly open to suggestions about what is needed in the discussion in Turkey, and we were explicit about the need to engage with the phasing out of fossil fuels.”

However, both Colombia and the Netherlands added that they were unsure of how this might work in practice.

When asked about whether the Santa Marta discussions could be incorporated into formal COP texts, they were keen to emphasise that all the conversations in Colombia were specifically not negotiations.

They added that they were unsure of whether the group of 57 countries that gathered in Santa Marta would appear as a collective at press conferences or events at the COP31 summit.

The post Q&A: What change of power in Colombia could mean for world’s fossil-fuel transition appeared first on Carbon Brief.

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