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人工智能(AI)等技术的蓬勃发展带动了中国数据中心的“爆发式增长”,同时也推高了能源消耗和碳排放。

截至2023年底,中国以449个数据中心的数量位居亚太地区之首。

国际能源署(IEA)最新报告显示,2024年中国数据中心用电量已占全球数据中心用电总量的25%,成为仅次于美国的全球第二大电力消耗国。

与各国情况类似,中国数据中心用电量预计将在未来几年持续快速增长,人工智能的兴起是重要推动因素之一。

不过,当前实际需求规模及未来增速仍存在不确定性。

现阶段,其他驱动因素对电力需求增长的影响仍远大于数据中心。

虽然各方对数据中心的预测数据存在差异,但有报告指出,其电力需求可能从2025年的100-200TWh(太瓦时)激增至2030年的600TWh,相应的CO2排放量或将达到200MtCO2e(百万吨二氧化碳当量)。

尽管中央和地方政府已出台多项政策以应对数据中心的环境影响,但挑战依然存在。

电力需求不断增长

中国国务院援引官媒《中国日报》2021年的一份报道称,2020年中国数据中心耗电量达200TWh,约占当年全国总用电量的2.7%,预计到2030年将增至400TWh(占比3.7%)。政府最新数据显示,2022年数据中心用电量为77TWh,2025年预计为150-200TWh,2030年或达400TWh。

2025年初,彭博社援引高盛(Goldman Sachs)更高预估称,中国数据中心的电力需求“预计将增长两倍多(从目前的200TWh),到2030年可能接近600TWh”。

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相比之下,国际能源署(IEA)的预测则更为保守,其预计2024年中国数据中心用电量仅为100TWh,到2027年可能翻倍。

无论从占全国电力需求的比重,还是作为需求增长的驱动力来看,数据中心的规模仍然有限。

不同机构的数据显示,当前中国数据中心用电量约占全国总用电量的0.9%至2.7%。

彭博社指出,数据中心的用电量“不到制造业的十分之一”,并提到仅2024年一年,工业用电需求就增加了300TWh。

国际能源署表示,自2022年以来,数据中心仅占新增电力需求的3%,到2027年这一比例可能升至6%。该机构认为,中国电力需求增长的主要推动力来自工业领域,包括工业电气化及供热和交通电气化。

不过,国务院发展研究中心资源与环境政策研究所副主任韩雪表示,到2025年底,数据中心相关的CO2排放量预计将占全国总排放量的1%。

建设“绿色数据中心”

2021年,中国宣布了一项为期三年的行动计划,旨在建设“高效、清洁、集约、循环”的“新型数据中心”。

该行动计划包括提高数据中心PUE(电能利用效率)的措施。PUE是衡量数据中心能源效率最常用的指标。

其计算方式是将数据中心总能耗除以IT设备能耗。该比值越高,表明数据中心的能效越低。

截至行动计划结束,全国数据中心平均PUE已从上年的1.54降至1.48。

2024年提出的新目标是到2025年将大型数据中心的PUE控制在1.25以下。相比之下,拥有欧洲最多数据中心的德国要求现有数据中心从2027年起平均PUE需达到1.5。

与此同时,中国于2022年启动了备受期待的“东数西算”国家工程,旨在处理东部人口稠密省份产生的数据。该项目鼓励在西部太阳能和风能资源丰富的地区建设新数据中心,以支持东部繁忙的大都市。

根据该工程规划,中西部地区的数据中心将处理更多非实时云计算需求,如离线分析和存储备份,而对时效性要求高的数据服务仍由东部地区提供。

内蒙古等北方地区的地方政府也出台了配套政策,推动数据中心与可再生能源设施协同建设。

此外,北京地方政府已为数据中心提供资金支持,用于改善其PUE。而南方科技中心广东省则选择将部分数据中心建在海底,以减少冷却需求并降低能耗。

自2020年起,中国政府持续跟踪数据中心能源转型进展。2024年最新数据显示,全国已有50余个数据中心达到“绿色”能源标准,其中国家电网1个、互联网企业14个。

面临可再生能源挑战

到2030年,中国数据中心预计将消耗400TWh至600TWh的电力,相关排放量可能达到200MtCO2e。

当前,中国可再生能源资源主要集中在北方地区,而电力需求仍集中在东南沿海。这意味着,即便有“东数西算”工程的支持,数据中心通常也依赖于长距离输电来使用可再生能源。

“绿色电力在数据中心行业应用前景广阔,但仍面临诸多挑战。”绿色和平气候与能源资深项目主任吕歆说。

她向Carbon Brief指出:“完成跨省绿色电力交易仍然非常困难。”她解释道,这主要受限于可再生能源发电的不稳定性以及长距离输电线路的高昂运维成本。

中国已出台相关政策,支持绿电直供数据中心,并建设了配备专用可再生能源和储能设施的“绿色电力产业园区”。

“这些政策的推进和市场机制的完善将促进数据中心使用绿电。”吕歆补充道。

另一项挑战是数据中心的用水需求。由于需要大量冷却用水,数据中心可能加剧西部和北部地区本就紧张的水资源压力。

为应对这一问题,北京、宁夏和甘肃等地政府已出台强制性措施,要求提升数据中心用水效率,并逐步淘汰电力和水效率低下的数据中心。

随着数据中心规模不断扩大以满足人工智能运算需求,未来可能出现更多耗电量达数千兆瓦的”超大规模”数据中心,这将带来更大的电力供应压力。在国家整体电力结构中,采用更清洁的燃料组合有助于减少排放。

但研究机构SemiAnalysis指出,由于中国对煤炭的依赖,当前中国数据中心“在排放方面处于明显劣势”。

目前煤炭在中国能源结构中占比约60.5%。国际能源署数据显示,中国大部分数据中心所在的东部地区,约70%电力来自煤电。不过该机构预测,2030年后可再生能源与核能的快速发展将“推动煤炭的退出”。

该报告预计,到2035年,可再生能源和核能将“共同满足中国数据中心60%的电力供应”。

The post 解读:中国如何应对数据中心能源增长的需求 appeared first on Carbon Brief.

解读:中国如何应对数据中心能源增长的需求

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Pacific civil society cautions ISA of ‘bluewashing’ deep-sea mining

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SUVA, FIJI, Tuesday 19 May 2026 – Pacific civil society groups are calling for transparency and inclusion in regional deep-sea mining talks, as environmental stewardship concerns and poor economic prospects accompany the corporate push.

This cautionary call comes on the first day of the International Seabed Authority (ISA)’s Pacific Small Island Developing States regional workshop, the so-called ‘Deep Seabed Sustainable Blue Growth Initiative’ in Suva, Fiji.

The Pacific Regional Non-Government Organisations (PRNGO) Alliance, including Pacific Conference of Churches (PCC), Fiji Council of Social Services (FCOSS), Pacific Network on Globalisation (PANG), Greenpeace Australia Pacific (GPAP), and over 20 Pacific civil society organisations, questioned the agenda of the “blue growth” forum, arguing that the workshop emphasises sponsoring States, but only includes observer engagement with other Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS).

The collective stressed the importance of ensuring that the workshop does not unintentionally privilege or amplify only the perspectives of sponsoring States in a manner that could be perceived as legitimising or advancing deep-sea mining pathways in the Pacific.

Mr Joey Tau, Chair of the PRNGO Alliance, said: “We are extremely concerned that the current agenda is inappropriate to the Pacific context; as it stands, it clearly centres states that have an interest in deep-sea mining, with relations and benefits to the mining industry. Such regional workshops must ensure equal visibility and space for non-sponsoring States, particularly those advocating for precautionary approaches and environmental safeguards.

“We also challenge the ISA in its mandate to encourage policy discussions on effective protection of the marine environment and not just on the economics, exploration and exploitation.”

Ms Vani Catanasiga, Executive Director of the FCOSS, said: “The ISA came in to conduct a workshop, but they excluded civil society organisations. Why has that been allowed? The ISA is excluding a body of knowledge that is needed for concrete conversations that also takes into consideration the well-being of the Pacific people. This was not well thought through – this forum should have at least emphasised the importance of a civil society perspective. As we are aware, deep-sea mining will have transboundary harm; this is why it is important to have civil society in the room during these conversations.”

Reverend James Bhagwan, General-Secretary of PCC, said: For Pacific peoples, there is nothing sustainable about deep-sea mining when it violates our cultural and spiritual connection to the ocean. The ocean is not an empty space. It is not simply a resource. It is our common home, our provider, our ancestor, our climate regulator, and part of God’s creation. In the Pacific, we have long said: the ocean is us, and we are the ocean. To mine the ocean is to wound the life-system that holds our peoples, our islands and future generations together.”

Ms Laisa Nainoka, Oceans Campaigner at PANG, said: “There is no such thing as sustainable deep-sea mining. Harm does not become harmless just because we rebrand it. It is fundamentally destructive, with far-reaching impacts on the ocean, marine life, and the communities that depend on them for survival. These impacts are not confined to the high seas or the exclusive economic zones of sponsoring states, it is felt across the entire ocean.”

Mr Rae Bainteiti, Political Coordinator at Greenpeace Australia Pacific, said: Calling the destruction of our ocean floor ‘sustainable blue growth’ is deceptive, biased, and wrong – it is bluewashing the biggest modern threat to the Pacific. Deep-sea mining is a risky investment that will cost the Pacific the most and benefit us the least. The average Pacific Island State would only receive mere thousands of dollars through the ISA benefit-sharing regime as it stands, while international mining companies rake in billions. There is no Pacific ‘blue growth’ in a mined ocean. True blue growth should mean investing in healthy oceans, sustainable livelihoods, climate resilience, and protecting marine ecosystems, not opening the door to another extractive industry.”

Pacific civil society organisations have consistently emphasised that, rather than framing deep-sea mining as an opportunity for “blue growth,” the ISA should prioritise its environmental protection obligations.

At the forum this week, PRNGO is calling for the ISA to:

  • Actively include civil society and community perspectives in workshops;
  • Prevent pro-mining bias in deep-sea mining governance by shifting focus away from heavily invested Sponsoring States toward meaningful engagement with PSIDS;
  • Give equal weight to dialogue about protecting nature, including the role of independent science, the application of the precautionary approach, and the consideration of cumulative mining impacts.

To date, 40 countries have called for a moratorium or precautionary pause on deep-sea mining, including seven Pacific nations.

– ENDS –

Pacific civil society cautions ISA of ‘bluewashing’ deep-sea mining

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A Utility Mega-Merger Is All About Data Centers

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NextEra’s blockbuster deal with Dominion means the largest electricity company stands to benefit even more from AI growth. But what does it mean for ratepayers?

A proposed merger of the largest utility in the country by market value, NextEra Energy, with the sixth-largest, Dominion, would create a megacompany at a time when data centers and rapid increases in electricity demand are reshaping the industry.

A Utility Mega-Merger Is All About Data Centers

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EPA Claims ‘Overwhelming Rejection’ of EVs as It Moves to Loosen Air Pollution Rules

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A proposed rule would give auto manufacturers until 2029 to meet smog and particulate matter emissions standards while the agency reconsiders the requirements altogether.

After eliminating the electric vehicle tax credit, rolling back fuel economy standards and blocking California’s stringent vehicle emissions rules, the Trump administration is now citing slowed electric vehicle growth as its rationale for loosening automobile air pollution standards.

EPA Claims ‘Overwhelming Rejection’ of EVs as It Moves to Loosen Air Pollution Rules

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