SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Definitionof Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL)
Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) refers to a technology that converts biomass feedstock, such as agricultural residues, wood chips, energy crops, or organic waste, into liquid fuels.
The process typically involves thermochemical conversion methods, such as gasification or pyrolysis, to produce a synthesis gas (syngas) that consists of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and other gases.
This syngas is then further processed through a series of catalytic reactions, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, to convert it into liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
BTL technology aims to provide an alternative to fossil fuels by utilizing renewable biomass resources for the production of transportation fuels. The resulting liquid fuels from BTL processes are compatible with existing infrastructure and can be used in conventional engines and vehicles without significant modifications. These fuels can include synthetic diesel, gasoline, or even aviation fuels.
The production of liquid fuels through BTL processes has several potential benefits. It can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions since biomass feedstocks are considered carbon-neutral or have lower carbon footprints compared to fossil fuels. BTL also offers the advantage of utilizing various types of biomass, including agricultural and forestry residues, which can help in the efficient management of waste materials and promote sustainable land use.
However, it’s worth noting that BTL technology is still in the development and early commercialization stages. The process is complex, and there are challenges in terms of feedstock availability, technological efficiency, and economic viability. Ongoing research and development efforts aim to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of BTL processes to make them more competitive with traditional fossil fuel options.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) Technology
Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) technology has emerged as a promising solution in the quest for sustainable and renewable liquid fuels. BTL processes convert biomass feedstocks, such as wood, agricultural residues, or energy crops, into advanced biofuels that can be used as drop-in replacements for conventional petroleum-based fuels.
This article explores the concept of Biomass-to-Liquid technology, its environmental benefits, and its potential to contribute to a greener and more sustainable energy future.
Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) technology involves the thermochemical conversion of biomass feedstocks into liquid fuels through a series of processes, including gasification, syngas cleaning, and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The gasification process converts biomass into a synthesis gas (syngas), consisting of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). The syngas is then cleaned and fed into the FT synthesis, where it is converted into liquid hydrocarbons, such as diesel, gasoline, and aviation fuels.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) Production
Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) production involves several steps to convert biomass feedstock into liquid fuels.
Here is a general overview of the BTL production process:
Feedstock Preparation: The first step is to collect and prepare the biomass feedstock. This can include agricultural residues (such as straw or corn stover), energy crops (like miscanthus or switchgrass), forestry residues, or organic waste. The feedstock may undergo cleaning, shredding, or drying processes to ensure it is suitable for further conversion.
Biomass Gasification or Pyrolysis: The prepared biomass is subjected to either gasification or pyrolysis, both thermochemical conversion methods. In gasification, the biomass is heated in a low-oxygen environment to produce a mixture of gases known as synthesis gas or syngas. Pyrolysis involves heating the biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce liquid bio-oil and gas by-products.
Syngas Conditioning (Gasification Only): If gasification is used, the syngas produced in the previous step undergoes conditioning to remove impurities such as tars, particulates, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen compounds. This step is crucial to ensure the quality and stability of the syngas.
Syngas Conversion (Gasification Only): The conditioned syngas is then subjected to catalytic reactions, such as the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, where it is converted into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis involves a series of chemical reactions that transform the carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the syngas into longer-chain hydrocarbons.
Hydroprocessing: The liquid hydrocarbon product from the syngas conversion step may undergo additional refining processes, such as hydroprocessing. Hydroprocessing involves the removal of impurities and the adjustment of fuel properties to meet specific requirements, resulting in the production of finished liquid fuels.
Fuel Refining and Blending: The produced liquid fuels are further refined to improve their quality and ensure they meet the required specifications. This may involve processes such as distillation, hydrotreating, and blending with other compatible fuels to achieve desired performance characteristics.
Storage and Distribution: The final step involves storing the produced liquid fuels and distributing them through existing infrastructure to end-users, such as fueling stations or industrial consumers.
It’s important to note that the specific processes and technologies used in BTL production may vary depending on the feedstock, scale of operation, and desired end products. Ongoing research and development efforts aim to optimize each step of the BTL production process for improved efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental performance.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Membrane Technologies
Membrane technologies play a vital role in the purification and separation of hydrogen in green hydrogen processes. Green hydrogen refers to hydrogen produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power.
The purification and separation of hydrogen from the electrolysis process are crucial for obtaining high-purity hydrogen for various applications.
There are several membrane technologies commonly employed for hydrogen purification and separation, including pressure swing adsorption (PSA), palladium membranes, and polymer-based membranes.
1. Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA): PSA is a widely used technology for hydrogen purification. It utilizes adsorbents, such as activated carbon or zeolites, to selectively adsorb impurities, such as water, carbon dioxide, and methane, from the hydrogen gas stream. The impurities are then desorbed by reducing the pressure or by using a purge gas, allowing for the recovery of high-purity hydrogen.
2. Palladium Membranes: Palladium membranes are selective for hydrogen and allow the separation of hydrogen from impurities based on the difference in permeability. These membranes consist of a thin layer of palladium alloy supported on a porous substrate. When hydrogen gas is applied to one side of the membrane, hydrogen atoms diffuse through the palladium lattice, while impurities are unable to pass through. Palladium membranes can achieve high purity levels, making them suitable for applications requiring ultra-pure hydrogen.
3. Polymer-Based Membranes: Polymer-based membranes offer a cost-effective solution for hydrogen purification and separation. These membranes are typically made from materials such as polymeric blends, polyimides, or polysulfones. They operate based on the selective permeation of hydrogen through the polymer matrix, while impurities are blocked. Polymer membranes can be designed with specific pore sizes and surface chemistries to enhance hydrogen selectivity and permeability.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Development of new types
In addition to these technologies, advancements in materials and membrane engineering have led to the development of new of membranes, such as mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) and ceramic membranes, for hydrogen purification and separation. MMMs combine the advantages of both inorganic fillers and polymer matrices, allowing for improved separation performance. Ceramic membranes, on the other hand, offer excellent thermal and chemical stability, making them suitable for harsh operating conditions.
The choice of membrane technology depends on various factors, including the required hydrogen purity level, operating conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure), and the presence of specific impurities
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Synthetic Biology
In the realm of scientific innovation, synthetic biology has emerged as a groundbreaking discipline that combines biology, engineering, and computational sciences to design and construct novel biological systems.
By leveraging the principles of genetics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, synthetic biology enables researchers to manipulate living organisms, their genes, and metabolic pathways, paving the way for unprecedented advancements in medicine, agriculture, energy, and environmental sustainability.
In this article, we delve into the exciting world of synthetic biology, its applications, and the potential it holds for revolutionizing various industries.
Understanding Synthetic Biology:
Synthetic biology can be defined as the engineering of biological systems through the design and synthesis of artificial DNA sequences, proteins, and other biological components. It encompasses a wide range of techniques and tools that enable scientists to construct biological systems with specific functions or traits.
By utilizing the principles of genetic engineering, researchers can reprogram existing organisms or create entirely new ones to perform desired tasks or produce valuable compounds.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Applications of Synthetic Biology:
Medicine and Healthcare:
Synthetic biology offers immense potential in the field of medicine. Scientists are exploring the development of novel therapies and treatments, such as engineered bacteria that can detect and target cancer cells, or the creation of synthetic organs for transplantation. Synthetic biology also plays a vital role in the production of pharmaceuticals and vaccines, making the manufacturing process more efficient and cost-effective.
Agriculture:
By engineering crops and microorganisms, synthetic biology can enhance agricultural practices. This includes developing plants with improved yields, disease resistance, and nutritional content. Additionally, synthetic biology can contribute to sustainable farming by reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers, and by enabling the production of biofuels from non-food plant sources.
Environmental Sustainability:
Synthetic biology has the potential to address pressing environmental challenges. Researchers are investigating bioengineered solutions for waste management, such as utilizing microorganisms to break down plastic waste or convert it into biodegradable materials. Additionally, synthetic biology can aid in the production of biofuels, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change.
Industrial Applications:
Synthetic biology is transforming various industries by enabling the production of valuable compounds in a more sustainable and efficient manner. It allows the creation of bio-based materials, chemicals, and enzymes through engineered microbial systems. This not only reduces reliance on petrochemicals but also minimizes the environmental impact associated with traditional industrial processes.
Challenges and Ethical Considerations:
While the promises of synthetic biology are immense, there are also ethical and safety concerns that must be addressed. The potential release of genetically modified organisms into the environment, unintentional creation of harmful pathogens, and the responsible use of synthetic biology technologies require careful regulation and risk assessment.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Fact and data of Synthetic biology
Synthetic biology is a rapidly evolving field, and here are some key facts and data to provide an overview of its current status:
Market Growth
The global synthetic biology market has been experiencing significant growth in recent years. According to a report by Grand View Research, the market size was valued at USD 4.3 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 47.7 billion by 2028, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30.4% during the forecast period.
DNA Synthesis
DNA synthesis, a fundamental process in synthetic biology, has witnessed remarkable advancements. The cost of synthesizing DNA has significantly decreased over the years. In 2003, it cost approximately USD 12 per base pair, while by 2020, it had dropped to less than 10 cents per base pair, making large-scale DNA synthesis more accessible.
Genome Engineering:
Synthetic biology techniques have revolutionized genome engineering, allowing researchers to precisely edit and manipulate genetic information. The development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has played a pivotal role in this field. CRISPR-based gene editing tools offer efficient and precise genome modifications, opening up new possibilities for genetic research and engineering.
Bioengineered Products
Synthetic biology has led to the creation of various bioengineered products with real-world applications. One notable example is the production of synthetic insulin using genetically modified bacteria. This innovation has transformed the treatment of diabetes, providing a reliable and cost-effective source of insulin.
Biofuels and Renewable Energy
Synthetic biology has the potential to revolutionize the production of biofuels and contribute to renewable energy sources. Researchers are exploring the use of genetically engineered microorganisms to efficiently convert plant biomass into biofuels, such as ethanol and butanol. These advancements could reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.
Biopharmaceuticals
Synthetic biology plays a crucial role in the production of biopharmaceuticals. Through genetic engineering, scientists can design and engineer microorganisms to produce complex proteins, antibodies, and vaccines. This technology enables the production of therapeutics in a more scalable, cost-effective, and sustainable manner.
Environmental Applications
Synthetic biology holds promise for addressing environmental challenges. Researchers are working on developing microorganisms capable of degrading pollutants, such as plastics and oil spills. By harnessing the power of synthetic biology, it may be possible to create sustainable solutions for waste management and environmental remediation.
Regulatory Landscape
The field of synthetic biology is subject to various regulations and oversight. Different countries have implemented guidelines to ensure the safe and responsible development and use of synthetic biology technologies. Regulatory bodies assess the potential risks associated with genetically modified organisms and provide frameworks for ethical practices and risk assessment.
Collaboration and Open Access
Collaboration and open access are essential aspects of synthetic biology. Many researchers and organizations promote open-source sharing of genetic information and tools to accelerate scientific progress. This collaborative approach fosters innovation, encourages interdisciplinary research, and allows for the collective advancement of the field.
These facts and data demonstrate the growth, potential, and diverse applications of synthetic biology. As the field continues to evolve, it holds promise for addressing pressing global challenges and transforming various industries.
Synthetic biology represents a paradigm shift in our ability to engineer and manipulate biological systems. By harnessing the power of molecular engineering, it offers solutions to pressing challenges in medicine, agriculture, environmental sustainability, and industry. However, responsible and ethical implementation of synthetic biology is crucial to ensure the benefits outweigh the risks.
With continued research, collaboration, and thoughtful consideration, synthetic biology has the potential to revolutionize multiple industries and improve the quality of life for people around the world
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Solar-to-hydrogen conversion
Solar-to-hydrogen conversion via integrated photovoltaic-electrolysis systems, also known as photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, is a technology that utilizes solar energy to produce hydrogen gas through a process called electrolysis.
This approach combines the functions of a photovoltaic (PV) cell and an electrolyzer into a single device, enabling direct conversion of sunlight into hydrogen fuel.
Here’s a general overview of how the process works:
1. Photovoltaic (PV) Cell: The integrated system starts with a photovoltaic cell, which absorbs sunlight and converts it into electricity. The PV cell typically consists of semiconductor materials that generate an electric current when exposed to photons in sunlight.
2. Water Electrolysis: The electricity generated by the PV cell is then used to power an electrolyzer. The electrolyzer splits water (H2O) into its constituent elements, hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), through an electrochemical reaction. This process takes place in an electrolyte solution, typically containing water and a catalyst to enhance the reaction.
3. Hydrogen Production: The generated hydrogen gas is collected and stored for later use. It can be used as a clean fuel for various applications, including fuel cells, transportation, and energy storage.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: The integration of PV cells and electrolysis systems
The integration of PV cells and electrolysis into a single device offers several advantages. Firstly, it eliminates the need for separate components, reducing the overall system complexity and cost.
Secondly, it enables the direct utilization of solar energy for hydrogen production without relying on external electricity sources. Finally, it allows for the efficient use of excess electricity produced by PV cells during peak sunlight hours, which would otherwise be wasted.
However, it’s important to note that the commercial viability and efficiency of integrated photovoltaic-electrolysis systems are still being actively researched and developed. Several technical challenges remain, including improving the efficiency of the water-splitting process, developing more durable materials for PEC devices, and reducing production costs.
Nonetheless, this technology holds great potential as a sustainable and renewable method for hydrogen production, offering a pathway towards a clean and carbon-free energy system. Ongoing research and advancements aim to address the current limitations and make solar-to-hydrogen conversion via integrated photovoltaic-electrolysis systems more practical and widely accessible
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Carbon-neutral hydrogen production
Carbon-neutral hydrogen production from biomass can be achieved through a combination of biomass pyrolysis and steam reforming processes.
Here’s how each step contributes to carbon-neutral hydrogen production:
1. Biomass Pyrolysis: Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition process that breaks down biomass into various gaseous and liquid products through the application of heat in the absence of oxygen. Biomass, such as wood chips, agricultural residues, or dedicated energy crops, is heated to high temperatures, typically between 400 and 600 degrees Celsius, in a reactor. The absence of oxygen prevents complete combustion, leading to the production of biochar, bio-oil, and syngas.
– Biochar: Biochar is a solid carbon-rich material that can be used as a soil amendment, promoting carbon sequestration in agricultural applications. It helps enhance soil fertility, water retention, and nutrient availability.
– Bio-oil: Bio-oil is a liquid product obtained from biomass pyrolysis. It can be further processed and upgraded into transportation fuels or used as a precursor for the production of chemicals and materials.
– Syngas: Syngas, also known as synthesis gas, is a mixture primarily composed of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and some carbon dioxide (CO2). Syngas is the intermediate product obtained during biomass pyrolysis and serves as the starting point for subsequent hydrogen production.
2. Steam Reforming: In the steam reforming process, the syngas produced from biomass pyrolysis is further processed to generate hydrogen-rich gas. Steam reforming involves reacting syngas with steam over a catalyst at elevated temperatures. The reactions occur as follows:
– Water-Gas Shift (WGS) Reaction: The WGS reaction converts the carbon monoxide (CO) present in the syngas to carbon dioxide (CO2) and produces additional hydrogen.
– Methanation Reaction: The methanation reaction facilitates the conversion of any remaining carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into methane (CH4) and water (H2O).
These reactions help increase the hydrogen content and decrease the carbon content in the gas stream, resulting in a hydrogen-rich gas suitable for various applications.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: The combination of biomass pyrolysis
The combination of biomass pyrolysis and steam reforming allows for the production of hydrogen while minimizing carbon emissions.
The carbon released during biomass pyrolysis is primarily captured and stored as biochar, contributing to carbon sequestration in the soil.
The hydrogen produced through steam reforming is considered carbon-neutral since the carbon emissions from the process are offset by the carbon capture and storage (CCS) associated with biochar production.
Carbon-neutral hydrogen production from biomass pyrolysis and steam reforming provides a pathway to generate renewable hydrogen while utilizing sustainable feedstocks and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. It contributes to the development of a low-carbon economy and supports the transition towards a more sustainable energy future
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: What is Photocatalytic water splitting
Photocatalytic water splitting using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
Photocatalytic water splitting using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a promising approach for green hydrogen synthesis. MOFs are crystalline materials composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands, forming a porous structure with high surface area. These unique properties make MOFs suitable for photocatalytic applications, including water splitting for hydrogen production.
In the context of photocatalytic water splitting, MOFs can act as light-absorbing materials and catalysts to facilitate the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Outlook of Photocatalytic water splitting
Here’s how the process typically works:
1. Light Absorption: MOFs can be designed to have light-absorbing properties by incorporating light-harvesting units or photosensitizing ligands. These components absorb photons from sunlight, promoting electronic transitions and generating excited states within the MOF.
2. Charge Separation: Upon light absorption, the excited electrons and holes are generated within the MOF. Efficient charge separation is crucial to prevent recombination and maximize the utilization of photogenerated charges for the water splitting reaction. The porous structure of MOFs provides an environment where charge separation can occur.
3. Catalytic Sites: MOFs can be engineered to contain catalytic sites, typically metal centers or metal clusters, that promote the water splitting reaction. These catalytic sites facilitate the transfer of electrons and protons to drive the redox reactions involved in water splitting.
4. Water Splitting: The photogenerated electrons reduce water to produce hydrogen gas (H2), while the holes oxidize water to release oxygen gas (O2). The separated protons (H+) combine with the electrons to form hydrogen gas, which can be collected as the desired product.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Photocatalytic water splitting Advance
Photocatalytic water splitting using MOFs offers several advantages for green hydrogen synthesis:
1. Abundant and Tailorable: MOFs can be synthesized using a wide range of metal ions and organic ligands, allowing for a high degree of customization. This versatility enables the design of MOFs with desired properties, such as light absorption, charge separation, and catalytic activity, tailored for efficient water splitting.
2. Stability and Recyclability: MOFs can exhibit excellent stability under photocatalytic conditions, ensuring their long-term performance. Additionally, their porous nature enables easy separation and recovery of the MOF photocatalysts, facilitating their recycling and reuse.
3. Efficiency and Selectivity: MOFs can be optimized to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of the water splitting reaction. The porous structure provides a large surface area, facilitating the exposure of catalytic sites and enhancing the contact between reactants and catalysts, leading to improved efficiency.
4. Integration with Other Systems: MOFs can be combined with other materials, such as co-catalysts or semiconductors, to form hybrid systems that synergistically enhance the water splitting performance. These hybrid systems can optimize light absorption, charge separation, and catalytic activity, further improving the overall efficiency.
However, it’s important to note that while significant progress has been made in the development of MOF-based photocatalytic water splitting, challenges remain.
Some of these challenges include improving the stability and durability of MOFs under extended photocatalytic operation, enhancing the quantum efficiency and charge transfer kinetics, and scaling up the synthesis and production of MOFs for practical applications.
Overall, photocatalytic water splitting using MOFs is a promising avenue for green hydrogen synthesis. Ongoing research and development efforts aim to optimize the design, performance, and scalability of MOFs for efficient and sustainable hydrogen production from renewable resources
Bio-inspired hold great potential for sustainable hydrogen production from water, mimicking the natural process of photosynthesis.
These catalysts aim to replicate the efficiency and selectivity of biological systems, such as enzymes, in splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen.
One key catalyst that draws inspiration from nature is the molecular catalyst based on the earth-abundant metal complex, such as cobalt, nickel, or iron.
These catalysts are designed to mimic the active sites found in metalloenzymes, such as the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in Photosystem II. By incorporating similar metal ions and ligands, these catalysts can efficiently catalyze the water-splitting reaction under mild conditions.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Catalysts typically
Bio-inspired catalysts consist of a molecular complex immobilized onto a support material to enhance stability and facilitate catalytic reactions. Various strategies are employed to optimize their performance, including tuning the coordination environment, incorporating proton or electron transfer pathways, and introducing redox mediators.
Another approach involves using biomimetic materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), or porous coordination polymers (PCPs), as catalysts for water splitting. These materials provide a highly tunable platform for incorporating catalytic sites, optimizing their reactivity, and improving stability. By mimicking the structure and functionality of biological systems, these materials offer advantages such as high surface area, porosity, and stability.
Moreover, researchers are exploring bio-inspired catalysts based on nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanocomposites. These materials can be functionalized with earth-abundant metals or metal-free components to mimic enzyme-like activities. For example, some nanocatalysts mimic the catalytic properties of hydrogenases, which are enzymes involved in biological hydrogen production.
To further enhance the efficiency and selectivity of bio-inspired catalysts, researchers are also investigating light-driven systems. These catalysts combine light-absorbing components, such as photosensitizers or semiconducting materials, with catalytic centers to drive the water-splitting reaction using solar energy. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, these systems can utilize visible or even sunlight for efficient hydrogen production.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Sustainable hydrogen production
Bio-inspired catalysts for sustainable hydrogen offer several advantages, including the use of abundant and environmentally friendly materials, efficient utilization of solar energy, and mild reaction conditions. However, challenges remain in terms of improving the stability, scalability, and overall efficiency of these catalysts to make them viable for large-scale hydrogen production.
Ongoing research and development efforts focus on unraveling the fundamental mechanisms of biological systems, designing novel catalyst structures, and optimizing reaction conditions to achieve efficient and sustainable hydrogen production from water. The insights gained from bio-inspired catalysis have the potential to revolutionize the field of renewable energy and contribute to a more sustainable future
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials
Hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials is a promising approach for efficient transport and distribution of hydrogen.
Hydrogen has a high energy density by mass, making it an attractive fuel source for various applications, including transportation.
However, its low energy density by volume poses challenges for storage and transportation.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Nanoporous
Nanoporous offer a potential solution to overcome these challenges. These materials have a high surface area and a network of interconnected pores at the nanoscale, providing a large number of sites for hydrogen adsorption. This property allows for high storage capacity and efficient storage/release of hydrogen.
One class of nanoporous materials commonly explored for hydrogen storage is metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are crystalline materials composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands. Their porous structure can be precisely engineered to optimize hydrogen storage properties. Researchers have designed MOFs with tailored pore sizes, surface areas, and adsorption energies to enhance hydrogen uptake.
Another class of materials used for hydrogen storage is porous carbon-based materials, including activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, and graphene-based materials. These materials have excellent thermal stability, good mechanical properties, and high hydrogen storage capacity due to their porous structure.
SAF (Sustainabile Aviation Fuel) Terms: Strategy to enhance hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials
Several strategies are employed to enhance hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials. One approach involves functionalizing the materials to increase hydrogen adsorption sites and improve adsorption strength. Chemical modifications, such as incorporating metal nanoparticles or introducing specific functional groups, can enhance the interaction between the hydrogen molecules and the nanoporous material.
Furthermore, researchers are exploring novel synthesis techniques to fabricate nanoporous materials with optimized properties for hydrogen storage. This includes developing methods to control the pore size, pore volume, and surface chemistry of these materials to achieve high hydrogen storage capacities and fast kinetics of hydrogen uptake/release.
Efficient transport and distribution of hydrogen can be achieved by designing storage systems based on nanoporous materials.
These materials can be integrated into tanks or cartridges, where hydrogen is adsorbed onto the porous material at high pressure and subsequently released when needed. This approach eliminates some of the challenges associated with traditional hydrogen storage methods, such as compression and liquefaction.
Hydrogenstorage in nanoporous materials offers a promising avenue for efficient and safe storage, transport, and distribution of hydrogen. Ongoing research and development efforts aim to further improve the storage capacity, kinetics, and stability of these materials to accelerate the adoption of hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy carrier
https://www.exaputra.com/2023/09/saf-sustainabile-aviation-fuel-terms.html
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Vineyard Wind’s $69.50 PPA, Two Offshore Lease Exits
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Vineyard Wind’s $69.50 PPA, Two Offshore Lease Exits
Rosemary reports back on her visit to multiple Chinese renewable energy companies, Vineyard Wind activates a $69.50/MWh PPA with Massachusetts utilities, and Bronze Age jewelry halts a German wind project.
Sign up now for Uptime Tech News, our weekly newsletter on all things wind technology. This episode is sponsored by Weather Guard Lightning Tech. Learn more about Weather Guard’s StrikeTape Wind Turbine LPS retrofit. Follow the show on YouTube, Linkedin and visit Weather Guard on the web. And subscribe to Rosemary’s “Engineering with Rosie” YouTube channel here. Have a question we can answer on the show? Email us!
[00:00:00] The Uptime Wind Energy Podcast brought to you by Strike Tape protecting thousands of wind turbines from lightning damage worldwide. Visit strike tape.com and now your hosts.
Allen Hall 2025: Welcome to the Uptime Wind Energy Podcast. I’m your host, Allen Hall. I’m here with Yolanda Padron in Austin, Texas, who is back from the massive wedding event. Everybody’s super happy about that, and Rosemary Barnes had her own adventures. She just got back from China and Rosemary. You visited a a lot of different places inside of China.
Saw some cool factories. What all happened?
Rosemary Barnes: Yeah, it was really cool. I went over for an influencer event. So if you are maybe, you know, in the middle of your career, not, not particularly attractive or anything you might have thought influencer was ruled out for you as a career. No one, no one needs engineering influencers in their [00:01:00] forties.
It’s incorrect. It turns out that’s, that’s where, that’s where I, I found myself. It was pretty cool. I, I did get the red carpet rolled out for me. Many gifts. I had to buy a second bag to bring home the gifts, and when I say I had to buy a second bag, I had to mention. Oh, I have so many gifts, I’m gonna need another bag.
And then there was a new bag presented to me about half an hour later. But, so yeah, what did I do? I got to, um, as I was over there for a Sun Grow event. Huge, huge event. They, um, it’s for, it’s for their staff a lot, but it’s also, they also bring over partners. They also bring over international experts to talk about topics that are relevant to them.
Yeah. They gave everybody factory tours in, um, yeah, in, in shifts. Um, I got to see a module assembly factory, so where they take cells, which are like, I don’t know, the size of a small cereal box, um, and assemble them into a whole module. Then the warehouse, warehouse was [00:02:00] gigantic. It, um, was, yeah, 1.8 gigawatt hours worth of cells that couldn’t hold in that one building.
They’re totally obsessed with fire safety there in everything related to batterie, like in the design of the product, but also in, in the warehouse. And they do, yeah, fire drills all the, all the time. Some of them quite big and impressive. Um, I saw inverter manufacturing facility that was really cool.
Heaps of robots. Sw incredibly fast. Saw a test facility.
Allen Hall 2025: So was most of the manufacturing, robotics, or humans?
Rosemary Barnes: Yeah. So at the factory it was like anything that needed to be done really fast or with really good quality was done by robots. So they had, um, you know, pick and place machines putting in. Um, you know, components in the circuit board, like just insane, insane rate.
I’m sure it’s quite, quite normal, but, um, just very fast. Everything lined up in a row. Most of their quality control is done by robots. Um, so it does well it’s done by ai, I should say. [00:03:00] Taking photos of, of things and then, um, AI’s interpreting that. Repairs, I think were done by humans. There were humans doing, um, like custom components as well.
Like not every product is exactly the same. So the custom stuff was done by humans.
Allen H: So that’s the Sun Grove facility, right? You, but you went to a couple of different places within China?
Rosemary Barnes: Yeah, I went to another, a factory, a solar panel, a factory, um, from Longie. That was really cool too. I got to see a bit more probably of the, um, interesting, interesting stuff there, like, uh, a bit more.
Um, yeah, I don’t, I dunno, processes that aren’t, aren’t so obvious. Not just assembly, but um, you know, like printing on, um, bus bars and, you know, all of the different connections and yeah, it was a bit, a bit more to it in what I saw. Um, so that was, but it, it’s the same, you know, as humans are only involved when it’s a little bit out of the.
Norm or, um, where they’re doing repairs, actual actually re [00:04:00]repairing. You know, the robots or the AI is identifying which components don’t meet the standard and then they’ll go somewhere where a human will come and, um, fix them.
Allen H: Being the engineer there. Did you notice where the robots are made? Was everything made in China that was inside the factory or were they bringing in outside?
Technology.
Rosemary Barnes: I didn’t think to look for that, but I would assume that it was Chinese made, also
Allen H: all built in country
Rosemary Barnes: 20 years ago that wouldn’t have been the case, but I think that China has had a long, a long time to, to learn that. Again, it’s not like, it’s not, it’s not rocket science. These are, these are pick and place machines, you know, like I remember working on a project very early in my career, so.
Literally 20 years ago, um, I was working with pick and place machines. It’s the same, it’s the same thing. Um, some of them are bigger ’cause they’re, you know, hauling whole, um, battery packs around. It’s just the, um, the way that it’s set up, but then also the scale that they can achieve. You just, you can’t make things that cheap if you don’t have the [00:05:00] scale to utilize everything.
A hundred percent. Like I said, wind turbine towers is a really good example. ’cause anyone, any steel fabricating
Allen H: shop
Rosemary Barnes: could make a wind turbine tower. Right? They, they could, they could do that. You know, the Chinese, um, wind turbine tower factories have the exact right machine. They don’t have a welder that they also use for welding bits of bridges or whatever.
Uh, they have the one that does the exact kind of world that they need, um, for the tower. They, you know, they do that precisely. Robotically, uh, exactly the same. And, you know, a, a tower section comes on, they weld it, it moves off to the next thing, and then a new one comes on. They’re not trying to move things around to then do another weld in the same machine.
You know, like they’re, um, but the exact right. Super expensive machine for the job costs a whole bunch to set up a factory. And then you need to be making multiple towers every single day out of that factory to be able to recoup on your cost. And so that is [00:06:00] the. The, um, bar that is just incredibly hard slash impossible for, um, other countries to clear.
Allen H: Can I ask you about that? Because I was watching a YouTube video about Tesla early on Tesla, where they wanted to bring in a lot of robotics to make vehicles and that they felt like that was the wrong thing to do. In fact, they, they, they kinda locked robots in and realized that this is not the right way to do it.
We need to change the whole process. It was a big deal to kind of pull those. Specialized piece of equipment, robots out and to put something else in its place in that they learned, you know, the first time, instead of deciding on a process, putting it in place and then trying to turn it on, see if it works, was to sort of gradually do it.
But don’t bolt anything down. Don’t lock it in place such that it doesn’t feel like it’s permanent. So you engineer can think about removing it if it’s not working. But it sounds like this is sort of the opposite approach of. A highly specialized [00:07:00] machine set in place permanently to produce. Infinite amounts of this particular product, does that then restrict future changes and what they can make or, I, I, how do they see that?
Did, did you talk about that? Because I think that’s one of an interesting approaches.
Rosemary Barnes: I didn’t actually get as much chances I would’ve liked to speak to engineers. Um, I was talking mostly to salespeople and installers. Um, so they know a lot, but I couldn’t, um, like in the factory tours, I was asking questions.
Um. That kind of question and, and they could answer all, all that. Um, but outside of that, and I couldn’t record in the factory obviously. Um, but I did, I did take notes, but what I would say is that they would have a separate facility where they would be working out the details of new products and new manufacturing processes and testing them out thoroughly before they went and, you know, um, installed everything correctly.
But what I do hear is that, you know, especially with solar power. Maybe to [00:08:00] batteries to a lesser extent. You, you know, you like, you have these kind of waves of technology. Um, so you know, like everyone’s making whatever certain type of solar cell and then five years later, um, there’s a new more efficient configuration and everybody’s making that.
And I know that there are a lot of factories that kind of get scrapped. Um, and the way that China’s set up their, like, you know, their economy around all this sort of thing is set up is that it’s not that, like every company doesn’t succeed. Right. They SGO was a big exception because they’ve been going since 1997, I think it was.
It was started by a professor quid his job and hired a room across the, across the road from his old university and, you know, built his first inverter and, um, you know, ’cause he, he could see that. Uh, the grid was gonna have to change to incorporate all of the solar power that was coming, which to be honest, in 1997, that was like pretty, pretty farsighted.
That was not obvious to me when I started working in solar in mid two thousands. And it was not obvious to me that this was a winner.
Allen H: Well, has sun grow evolved then quite a bit? ’cause if you’re [00:09:00] saying that they’ve minimized the cost to produce any of their products by the use of robotics, they have been through an evolutionary process.
You didn’t see any of the previous generations of. Factories. You, you were just seeing the most modern factory that that’s actually producing parts today. So is that a, is that a, is that just a cost mindset that’s going on in China? Like, we’re just gonna produce the lowest cost thing as fast as we can, or is it a market penetration approach?
What are, what were, were the engineers in management saying about that?
Rosemary Barnes: I think there’s a few different aspects to that, like within China. So Sun Grow is the big company with a long track record and they’re not making the cheapest product out of China. So I think that they are still trying to make the cheapest product, but they’re not thinking about it just in the purchase price.
Right. They’re thinking more in terms of the long, long term. You know, they’ve been around for 30 years and probably expect to be around for another 30 years. They don’t wanna be having [00:10:00] recalls of their products and you know, like having to, um. Installers in particular are probably working with them because they know that they won’t have to go back and do rework and the support is good and all that sort of thing.
So they’re spending so much money on testing and you know, just getting everything exactly right. But I don’t think that that’s the only way that China is doing it. There’s, you know, dozens, probably hundreds of companies. Um. Doing similar stuff between Yeah, like solar panels and associated stuff like inverters and, and batteries.
So many companies and all of them won’t succeed. You know, sun Girls Facility in, I was in her and it’s huge, you know, it’s like a, a medium sized country town. Just their, um, their campus there, they’re not, they’re not scrapping that and moving to a new site, you know, they’re gonna be. Rejiggering and I would expect that, you know, like everything’s set up exactly the way it needs to be, but it’s not like gigantic machines.[00:11:00]
It’s not like setting up a wind turbine blade factory where it’s hard if you designed it for 40 meter blades, you can’t suddenly start making 120 meter blades. Like it’s, they will be able to be sliding machines in and out as they need to. Um, so I, I, yeah, I guess that it’s some, some flexibility. But not at the cost of making the product correctly.
Allen H: Did you see wind turbines while you were in China?
Rosemary Barnes: I, the only winter I saw, I actually, I saw, because I caught the train from Shanghai, I actually caught the fast train from Shanghai to, which is about, it depends which one you get between like an hour 40 or three hours if it stops everywhere. Um, and I did see a couple of wind turbines on the way there, out the window, just randomly like a wind turbine in the middle of a, a town.
Um, so that was a bit, a bit interesting. But then in the plane, on the way back, the plane from Shanghai to Hong Kong, I, at the window I saw a cooling tower of some sort. So either like a, yeah, some kind of thermal [00:12:00] power plant. And then. Around all around, well, wind turbines, so onshore wind turbines. So I don’t know.
Um, yeah, I, I don’t know the story behind that, but it’s also not a particularly windy area, right? Like most of the wind in China is, um, to the west where, uh, I wasn’t
Allen H: as wind energy professionals, staying informed is crucial, and let’s face it. That’s why the Uptime podcast recommends PES Wind Magazine. PES Wind offers a diverse range of in-depth articles and expert insights that dive into the most pressing issues facing our energy future.
Whether you’re an industry veteran or new to wind, PES Wind has the high quality content you need. Don’t miss out. Visit PS win.com today. So there are two stories out of the US at the minute that really paint a picture of the industry. It was just being pulled in opposite directions. The Department of Interior announced agreements to terminate two more.
Offshore wind leases, uh, [00:13:00] Bluepoint wind and Golden State wind have agreed to walk away from their projects. Global Infrastructure Partners, which is part of BlackRock, will invest up to $765 million in a liquified natural gas facility instead of developing blue point wind. Ah. And Golden State Wind will recover approximately $120 million in lease fees after redirecting investment to oil and gas projects along the Gulf Coast, and both companies say they will not pursue further offshore wind development in the United States.
Well, we’ll see how that plays out. Right? Meanwhile. In Massachusetts Vineyard Wind, which has been fighting with GE Renova recently has activated its long awaited power purchase agreement with three utilities. The contract set a fixed electricity price of drum roll please. [00:14:00] $69 and 50 cents per megawatt hour for the first year and a two and a half percent annual increase.
Uh, state officials say the agreements will save rate payers $1.4 billion over 20 years. So $69 and 50 cents per megawatt hour is a really low PPA price for offshore wind. A lot of the New York projects that. Renegotiated we’re somewhere in the realm of 120 to $130 a megawatt hour, and there’s been a lot of discussion in Congress about the, the usefulness of offshore wind.
It’s intermittent blahdi, blahdi, blah. Uh, but the, the big driver is what costs too much. In fact, it doesn’t cost too much. And because it’s consistent, particularly in the wintertime, uh, electricity prices in Massachusetts in the surrounding area are really high. ’cause of the demand and ’cause how cold it is that this offshore wind project, vineyard wind would be a huge rate saving.
And [00:15:00] actually the math works out the math. Math everybody. Do you think this is, when we go back five years from now, look back at this. This vineyard wind project really makes sense for Massachusetts.
Yolanda Padron: I think it really makes sense for Massachusetts. I’m really interested to know what the asset managers are thinking on the vineyard wind side, um, and if they’re scared at all to take this on.
I mean, it’s great and I’m sure they can absolutely deliver. Like generation I don’t think should be an issue. Um. I just don’t know. It’s, it sounds like they’re leaving a lot of money on the table.
Allen H: I would say so, yeah. But remember, the vineyard win was one of the early, uh, agreements made when things were, this is pre Ukraine war, pre Iran conflict on a lot of other, a lot of other things.
It was pre, so I remember at the time when this was going on that. P. PA prices were higher than obviously a lot of other [00:16:00] things. Onshore solar, onshore wind, it would, offshore is always more expensive, but I don’t remember $69 popping up anywhere in any filing that I remember seeing. So even if they had said $69 five years ago, I think that would’ve still been like, wow, that’s pretty good for an offshore wind project.
And now it looks fantastic for the state of Massachusetts
Yolanda Padron: because I know that there’s sometimes, and we’ve talked about this in the past, right? There are sometimes projects where, you know, you think you, you’ve got a really good price and you’re really excited about it, and then it goes into operation and then like a couple years down the road, prices increase quite a bit and it’s not the worst thing in the world.
But you do just kind of think a little bit like, I wish I could. Renegotiate this or you know, just to get, to get our team a bit of a better deal or to get a bit more money in operations and everything.
Allen H: Does this play into Vineyard wind claiming $850 [00:17:00] million in dispute with GE Renova that at $69 PPA, there’s not a lot of profit at the end of this and need to get the money out of GE Renova right now, and maybe why GE Renova wants to get out of this because they realize.
The conflict that is coming that they need to separate the, the themselves from this project. It’s, it’s very, as an asset manager, Yoland, as you have done this in the past, would you be concerned about the viability of the project going forward, or is all the upfront costs. Pretty much done in that operationally year to year.
It’s, it’s not that big of a deal.
Yolanda Padron: As an asset manager taking this on, I’d probably have started preparation on this project a lot earlier than other of my projects like I do. I know that usually there’s, you know, we’ve talked about the different teams, right, throughout the stages of the project until it goes into operations, [00:18:00] but.
And usually you don’t have a lot of time to prepare to, to make sure all of your i’s are dotted and t’s are crossed, um, by the time you take the project and operations from a commercial standpoint. But this project, I think would absolutely, like you, you would need to make sure that a lot of the, of the things that you’re, that might be issues for some of your projects like aren’t issues for this project.
Just to make sure at least the first few years you can. You can avoid a lot of, a lot of turmoil that the pricing and the disputes and the technical issues are gonna cause you, because I feel like it’s just, there’s, there’s just so many things that just keep this side, just keeps on getting hit, you know?
Allen H: Well, I, I guess the question is from my side, Yolanda, is obviously inflation, when this project started was pretty consistent, like one point half, 2%. It was very flat for a long time. And interest rates, if you remember when this project started, were very, very low. Almost [00:19:00] nonexistent, some interest rates.
Now that’s hugely different. How does a contract get set up where a vineyard can’t raise prices? It would just seem to me like you would have to tie some of the price increase to whatever the inflation rate is for the country, maybe even locally, so that if there were a, a war in Ukraine or some conflict in the Middle East.
That you, you would at least be able to, to generate some revenue out of this project because at some point it becomes untenable, right? You just can’t afford to operate it anymore. And,
Yolanda Padron: and I think, um, I, I haven’t, I obviously haven’t read the, the contracts themselves, but I know that there’s sometimes there, it’s pretty common for a PPA to have some sort of step up year by year.
And it’s usually, it can be tied to, um, the CPI for. Like the, the change in CPI for the year to year. So you’re [00:20:00] absolutely like, right, like maybe, I mean, hopefully they’re, they’re not just tied to the fixed 69 bucks per megawatt hour. Um, but, but yeah, to, to your point like that, that price increase could, could really save them.
Now that we’re, we’re talking the, the increase in, in inflation right now and foreseeable future,
Allen H: if you think about what electricity rates are up in the northeast. I think I was paying 30 cents a kilowatt hour, which is 300. Does that sound right? $300 a megawatt hour. Delivered at the house, something like that.
Right? So
Yolanda Padron: prices in the northeast are crazy to me,
Allen H: right? They’re like double what they are in North Carolina. Yeah.
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Yolanda Padron: you millions.
Allen H: Well, sometimes building a wind farm turns out more than expected construction workers at a 19 turbine wind project in lower Saxony Germany under Earth. What experts call the largest Bronze age Amber Horde ever found? The region, the very first scoop of an excavator brought up bronze and amber artifacts that stopped construction and brought archeologists back to the site.
Uh, the hoard has been dated between [00:22:00] 1500 and 1300 DCE and is believed to have belonged to at least three. Status women possibly buried as a religious offering. Now as we push further and further across Germany with wind turbines and solar panels for, for that matter, uh, we’re coming across older sites, uh, older pieces of ground that haven’t been touched in a long time and we’re, we’re gonna find more and more, uh, historically significant things buried in the soil.
What is the obligation? Of the constructor of this project and maybe across Europe. I, I would assume in the United States too, if we came across something that old and America’s just not that old to, to have anything of, of that kind of, um, maybe value or historically significant. What is the process here?
Rosemary Barnes: I assume that they’ve gotta stop, stop work. Um, yeah, that’s my, my understanding and I don’t think, do you have [00:23:00] grand designs in America?
Allen H: I don’t know what that is. Yes.
Rosemary Barnes: So missing out by not having that chat. It’s a TV show about people who are building houses or doing, um, ambitious renovations, and it just, it follows, it follows them.
You can learn a lot about project management or. The consequences if you decide that you don’t need to, project management isn’t a thing that you need to do. Um, anyway. I’m sure that in some of those ones I’ve seen they have had work stop because in their excavation they found a, um, yeah, some, some kind of relic, um, from the, from the past.
So based on that very well-credentialed experience that I have, I can confidently say that they would be stopping stopping work on that site. I mean, it’s so bad, bad for the developer, I guess, but it’s cool, right? That they’re, you know, uncovering, uh, new archeology and we can learn more about, you know, people that lived thousands of years ago.
Allen H: It, it does seem [00:24:00] like, obviously. Do push into places where humans have lived for thousands of years. We’re going to stumble across these things. Does that mean from a project standpoint, there’s, there’s some sort of financial consequence, like does the lower Saxony government contribute to the wind turbine fund to to pay the workers for a while?
’cause it seems like if they’re gonna do an archeological dig. That that’s gonna take months at a minimum, may, maybe not, but it usually, having watched these things go on it, it’s. It’s long.
Rosemary Barnes: But wouldn’t that be something that you’d have insurance for?
Allen H: Oh, maybe that’s it.
Rosemary Barnes: You know, it seems to me like an insurable, an insurable thing, like not so hard to, it would’ve affected plenty of other, like any project that involves excavation in Europe would come with a risk of, um, finding Yeah.
An archeological find. And having work stopped, I would assume.
Allen H: Yolanda, how does that work in the United States do, is there some insurance policy towards finding [00:25:00] a. Ancient burial ground and what happens to your project?
Yolanda Padron: I don’t know. I, um, the most I’ve heard has been, it’s just talking to like the government and like the local government and making sure that you have all your permits in place and making sure, you know, you might need to, to have certain studies so you know, you might not have to get rid of the whole wind farm or remove the hole wind farm, but at least a section.
Of it has to be displaced from what you originally had thought. I don’t know. I know it happens a lot in Mexico where you get a lot of changes to construction plans because you find historical artifacts or obviously not everybody does this, but like. Tales of construction workers who will like, find, they’re so jaded from finding historical artifacts that they just kind of like take and then dump them to the next plot over to not deal with it right now.
Not that it’s anything ethical, uh, or done by everybody, [00:26:00] uh, but it’s, but, but it’s a common occurrence, a relatively common occurrence.
Allen H: You would think it where a lot of wind turbines are in the United States, which is mostly Texas and kind of that. Midwest, uh, wind corridor that they would’ve stumbled across something somewhere.
But I did just a quick search. I really hadn’t found anything that there wasn’t like a Native American burial ground or something of that sort, which they previously knew. For the most part. It’s, so, it’s rare that, that you find something significant besides, well, maybe used some woolly mammoths tusks or something of that sort.
Uh, in the Midwest, it’s, it’s, so, it’s an odd thing, but is there a. A finder’s fee? Like do does the wind company get to take some of the proceeds of, of this? Trove of jewelry.
Rosemary Barnes: I, I would be highly surprised.
Allen H: Well, how does that work then? Rosemary?
Rosemary Barnes: I’d be highly surprised if that’s the case in Europe. I bet it would happen like that in America.
Allen H: Sounds like pirate bounty in a sense.
Rosemary Barnes: In, in Australia it wouldn’t be like that because [00:27:00]you, when you own land, you don’t actually. You, you own the right to do things from surface level and above, basically. I don’t know how excavation works. So you don’t generally have a a right to anything you find like that?
I mean, you shouldn’t either. It’s not, it’s not yours. It’s a, it belongs to the, I don’t know, the people that, that were buried. When you then to the, the land, like, I guess. The government in some way. I mean, in Australia it’s, um, like we don’t have so many archeological fines that you would find from digging.
I mean, it’s not that there’s none, but there’s not so many like that. But it is pretty common that, you know, there are special trees, um, you know, some old trees that predate, uh, white people arriving in Australia. And, um, you know, that have been used for, you know, like it might have a, a shield that’s been, um.
Carved out of it. Or, uh, hunting. Hunting things, ceremonial things, baskets, canoes, canoe like things, stuff like that. They call ’em a scar [00:28:00] tree ’cause they would cut it out of a living, living tree. And you know, so when you see a tree with those scars and that’s got, um, cultural significance. There’s also, you know, just trees that were, um.
That that was significant for cultural reasons and so you wouldn’t be able to cut down those trees if you were building any, doing any kind of development in Australia and a wind farm would be no different. I know that they are, there are guidelines for, if you do come across any kind of thing like that or you find any anything of cultural significance, then you have to report it and hopefully you don’t just move it onto the neighboring property.
Allen H: I know one of the things about watching, um. Some crazy Canadian shows is that. Uh, you have to have a Treasure Hunter’s license in Canada. So if you’re involved in that process, like you can’t dig, you can’t shovel things, only certain people can shovel. ’cause if they were to find something of value, you.
You’ll get taxed on it. So there’s just a lot of rules [00:29:00] about it. Even in Canada,
Rosemary Barnes: if I was an indigenous Australian and you know, some Europe person of European descent came and found some artifacts, uh, aboriginal. Artifacts. I would be pissed if they just took it and sold it. Like that’s just clearly inappropriate right.
To, to do that. So you, I don’t think it should be a free for all. If you find artifacts of cultural significance and you just, it’s, you find its keepers that, that doesn’t sound right to me at all.
Allen H: Can we talk about King Charles II’s visit to the United States for a brief moment?
Uh, he is a really good ambassador, just like, uh, the queen was forever. He’s, he does take it very seriously and the way that he interacted with the US delegation was remarkable at times in, in terms of knowing how to deal with somebody that there’s a war going on right now. So there’s a lot [00:30:00] happening in the United States that, uh, not only could it be.
Uh, respecting both sides of the UK and the United States’ position in a, in a number of different areas, but at the same time being humorous, trying to build bridges. Uh, king Charles, uh, had the scotch whiskey tariffs removed just by negotiating with President Trump, and sometimes that’s what it takes.
It’s a little bit of, uh. Being a good ambassador.
Allen H: Yeah. The very polished you would expect that. Right? But this is the first visit of. The king to the United States, I believe. ’cause he, he’s been obviously as a prince many, many, many times to the United States. [00:31:00]But this time as, as a, the representative of the country, the former representative or head of the country, which was unique.
I think he did a really good job. And I wish he, they would’ve talked about offshore wind. Maybe he could’ve calmed down the administration on offshore wind.
Rosemary Barnes: I bet that’s one of the, the goals. I mean, that’s an industry that’s important to. So
Allen H: I wonder if that happened actually. ’cause that’s not gonna be reported in, in the news, but how the UK is going on its own way in terms of electrification and I guarantee offshore wind had to come up it.
Although I have been not seen any article about it, I, I find it hard to believe that King Charles being the environmentalist that he is, and a proponent of offshore wind for a long time. Didn’t bring it up and try to mend some fences.
Rosemary Barnes: Maybe he’s playing the long game though. I mean, Trump is pretty, he’s transactional, but he also, you know, he has people that he really likes and you know, will act in their interests.
So maybe it’s enough to just be [00:32:00] really liked by Trump, and then that’s the smartest way you can go about it.
Allen H: Did you see the gift that King Charles presented to, uh, the US this past week?
It was a be from, uh, world War II submarine, which was the British, I dunno what the British called their submarines, but it was, the name of it was Trump. So they had the bell from. The submarine when it had been commissioned and they, they gave that to the United States, or give to the president. It goes to the United States.
The president doesn’t get to keep those things, but it was such a smart, it’s a great president. It’s such a smart gift, and somebody had to think about it and the king had to deliver it in a way that got rid of all the noise between the United States and the uk. Brought it back to, Hey, we have a lot in common [00:33:00] here.
We shouldn’t be bickering as much as we are. And I thought that was a really smart, tactful, sensible way to try to men some fences. That was really good. That wraps up another episode of the Uptime Wind Energy Podcast. If today’s discussion sparked any questions or ideas, we’d love to hear from you. Reach out to us on LinkedIn.
Don’t forget to subscribe, so you never miss this episode. And if you found value in today’s conversation, please leave us a review. It really helps other wind energy professionals discover the show. For Rosie and Yolanda, I’m Allen Hall and we with. See you’re here next week on the Uptime Wind Energy Podcast.
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