As we enter Ocean Conservancy’s 53rd year, we bring a powerful legacy of success to tough global challenges. We are the best equipped organization to protect and defend our ocean from its greatest threats. The root of that strength is the community of supporters who stand with Ocean Conservancy as we unite people, science and policy for the good of the ocean and everyone and everything that depends upon it. I send my deepest appreciation to every person who lent us their time, passion and support this year.
The year 2024 was one of incredible accomplishments in protecting our ocean from the crises of plastic pollution, biodiversity loss and climate change. As I do each year, I wanted to take a moment to reflect on our most recent victories and proudest moments of the last year even as we look forward to the coming year.
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Achieving international climate action
There is no path to halting climate change without scaling up offshore wind, and Ocean Conservancy has been a key player in advancing this solution at the international level. At the global climate conference in late 2023 in Dubai (the UN Conference of Parties’ 28th gathering, or COP28), our intensive advocacy secured a change that will have international ramifications for decades to come. Thanks to Ocean Conservancy, the “report card” that nations use to track progress on their climate goals will now include clean ocean energy like offshore wind (OSW) as a key measure of progress. This ensures that nations are accountable for OSW’s responsible, rapid and just development. In 2024, we continued pushing the international community to act by releasing a first-of-its-kind analysis on the affordable financing of OSW in nations least able to afford it. At COP29 in Azerbaijan this November, the so-called “finance COP,” we called for the international community to commit to the funding necessary for developing countries to responsibly deploy offshore wind and other ocean-climate solutions.
Advancing scientific research into plastic pollution
In early 2024, researchers from Ocean Conservancy and the University of Toronto shared the results of startling new research, published in the journal Environmental Pollution, which found microplastics in 88% of protein samples tested. The samples were drawn from 16 different protein types destined for U.S. consumers, including seafood, pork, beef, chicken, tofu and three different plant-based meat alternatives. There were no statistical differences in microplastic concentrations between land- and ocean-sourced proteins, suggesting that humans are likely eating microplastics no matter what protein they choose. To date, there had been little research into whether microplastics enter the filets of the fish—the parts that are actually eaten by people—and little research into terrestrial protein sources like beef and chicken that make up a large part of the American diet. The study was covered in major news outlets like The Washington Post and PBS.
Safeguarding the Arctic
This year, we upheld legislative safeguards that prevent oil drilling in sensitive Arctic environments. Ocean Conservancy and our partners prevented the passage of legislation that included mandatory oil and gas leasing. We also launched a new campaign in partnership with Oceans North aiming to win an international agreement not to ship though, or mine from, Central Arctic Ocean waters. In an early win, Canada has already signaled support for our goals. This builds on our previous success negotiating a similar international agreement not to fish in these waters to protect this ocean that lies at the heart of the Arctic.
Scaling up for trash removal
Our work organizing the International Coastal Cleanup® (ICC), now in its 39th year, connects more than 485,000 volunteers annually to gather trash from our beaches and shores. Hands-on, individual actions for safe and healthy coastlines add up to a robust and thriving international movement. This year, thanks to a new partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA), Ocean Conservancy will take our effort to the next level and remove Large Marine Debris from U.S. coastal waters and support efforts by communities around the country to supercharge cleanup efforts. In addition to the unfathomable human and animal toll of recent hurricanes, the ensuing flooding marked the largest mass dumping of trash into the ocean in recent memory. Ocean Conservancy is here for the long haul to support coastal communities as they clean up and rebuild.
There are too many stories of success to tell them all in full, but this year we also:
- Recycled 81,073 pounds of end-of-life fishing gear through our Global Ghost Gear Initiative®, protecting countless marine animals from entanglement and death.
- Changed governance policy to advance ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management.
- Reduced shipping and port pollution in California by requiring vessels to plug into shore power and reduce harmful emissions when in port. We also defeated bills that would weaken clean shipping standards and won a major commitment to develop new rules to accelerate eliminating emissions from large ocean-going vessels.
- Protected Florida’s coastlines with a state-wide ban on the intentional release of balloons, a particularly fatal type of pollution for seabirds and other marine animals.
- Celebrated the end to the #TeamSeas campaign, which smashed its goals ahead of schedule, cleaning more than 34 million pounds of trash from the ocean while inspiring a new generation of young people to join our movement.
- Launched an innovative partnership with three Florida universities to identify the sources of nitrogen pollution, which cause toxic algal blooms, in Florida waters.
I am inspired by the creativity, grit and determination our experts bring to this work. Catastrophic Gulf storms this year impacted Ocean Conservancy staff, as well as tens of millions of others across the country. Yet our incredible team kept defending and protecting our ocean, even while facing personal setbacks. That’s because we all recognize that our impact matters. And our impact is greater, thanks to supporters like you.
As conservationists who care deeply about our blue planet, we have much to celebrate from this year, as well as challenges to overcome. We are ready to turn the page and gear up for the critical years ahead.
Together, we can win a healthy ocean and a thriving planet, forever, and for everyone. I hope that you will stand with us in the year to come—our ocean needs you, now more than ever.
The post Celebrating Ocean Victories of 2024 appeared first on Ocean Conservancy.
Ocean Acidification
Dr Heidarzadeh’s TV interview with SkyNews on the massive M7.7 Panama earthquake on 9 October 2026
Dr Heidarzadeh’s TV interview with SkyNews on the massive M7.7 Panama earthquake on 9 October 2026. Click here for the full story.
Dr Heidarzadeh’s TV interview with SkyNews on the massive M7.7 Panama earthquake on 9 October 2026
Our ocean is an incredibly vast and mysterious place. And there is no place where that is more evident than the deepest ocean area in the world: the legendary Mariana Trench. Located east of the Philippines, the Mariana Trench lies in the Mariana Archipelago in the western portion of the North Pacific. The greater area of the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument is made up of more than 95,000 square miles of ocean. Beneath these waters lie incredibly complex aggregations of submerged islands and volcanoes … and of course, an astoundingly massive trench.
Dive in with us to have your biggest questions answered about the famed Mariana Trench.
How deep is the Mariana Trench?
The deepest part of the Mariana Trench, known as Challenger Deep, is almost 36,000 feet below the ocean’s surface. For context, Mount Everest is about 29,000 feet above sea level, so the Mariana Trench is about 7,000 feet deeper than Mount Everest is tall. For one more comparison, the RMS Titanic lies at a depth of about 12,500 feet below sea level. The Challenger Deep is in waters nearly three times deeper than this ship’s final resting place.
Due to its enormous size, the Mariana Trench has at times been affectionately nicknamed the Grand Canyon of the ocean. This is certainly a picturesque image, but don’t let the mammoth size of this U.S. national terrestrial park fool you into thinking the Mariana Trench matches its size. The trench’s footprint is estimated to be 120 times larger than the Grand Canyon’s, and to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep, you’d need to descend through almost six Grand Canyons stacked on top of each other before you’d reach the seafloor.
Oh … and did we mention it’s five times wider than it is deep? It’s about 43 miles wide!
What is Challenger Deep, and how long would it take to reach it?
Challenger Deep is the deepest point of the Mariana Trench. Fewer than 30 people have ever journeyed to this area. The trek below the surface is long, dark and time-consuming, and it’s not an expedition considered lightly by scientists and explorers.
The first people to descend into the depths of this area in 1960 were oceanographers Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, and it took them close to five hours to reach Challenger Deep. Since then, more advanced submersibles have been created, but it still takes two to four hours for modern vessels to reach such depths. For example, explorer and filmmaker James Cameron reached the seafloor in a little more than 2.5 hours in the first documented solo submarine dive to the area, and it took oceanographer Dr. Dawn Wright about four hours in 2022. It is crucial that these submersibles descend slowly and steadily beneath the surface, as the immense water pressure compounds with every mile a submersible descends. Speaking of pressure …
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What is the water pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench?
If you thought the depth of the Mariana Trench was its only jaw-dropping feature, think again. Water pressure is one of the most important factors affecting deep-sea life. In the ocean, pressure increases by one atmosphere for every 33 feet (10 meters) of depth. One atmosphere (a unit of measurement for pressure equivalent to average air pressure at sea level) is equal to about 14.7 pounds per square inch (PSI), which is the approximate standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. If you were to convert atmospheric pressure into weight, one atmosphere is about the weight of a bowling ball. Stay with me, friends.
If a vessel were to dive 2,000 feet below the surface, the pressure would equal that of 60 bowling balls stacked atop every square inch of that submersible. But 60 bowling balls is simply nothing compared to the pressure in the Mariana Trench. The atmospheric pressure at the depths of Challenger Deep is equal to about 16,000 PSI. That pressure is about the same as the weight of an entire full-grown elephant on every square inch of a submersible!
Need a more extreme comparison? If a human were to be placed at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the pressure would be equal to that of 50 jumbo jets piled on top of a person!
Do any animals live in the Mariana Trench?
The depths of the Mariana Trench come with immense pressure and extreme darkness, but somehow, life finds a way to survive. Organisms that live at an extreme depth, like that of Challenger Deep, have to be highly adapted to low temperatures (typically just above freezing), high pressure and virtually no light at all.
Species found in the depths of the Mariana Trench might look vastly different from animals from other ocean depths because their anatomy has been refined to thrive in harsh conditions. At such great depths, these animals typically depend on chemosynthesis (using nutrient-rich waters being pumped out of hydrothermal vents) or descending detritus (dead matter that has fallen from higher parts of the ocean) for food, such as whale falls. Just a handful of these animals include species of octopuses and squids, sea cucumbers, amphipods, sea jellies, shrimp, sea worms and some wild-looking fish!
In 2025, more than 7,000 new species were discovered in the Mariana Trench, including the hadal snailfish (Pseudoliparis swirei). This is the deepest-dwelling fish currently known to science. Now, the fish has been dubbed “the Mariana snailfish.”
How was the Mariana Trench formed?
The process by which the Mariana Trench was created is a geologically fascinating one known as subduction. On the Earth’s surface, there are thin plates that cover the planet’s mantle, which is made of molten rock. If two of these plates collide, one pushes down into the Earth’s mantle while the other is pushed over the bottom plate. When this happens, a trench is formed from the drag of the bottom plate. This process can sometimes create incredibly strong earthquakes. The plates that forged the Mariana Trench’s creation are estimated to be up to approximately 180 million years old.
This trench was unknown to scientists until 1875. It was then that a team of explorers on the HMS Challenger measured the depth of the sea by simply lowering a weighted rope into the water. They were baffled when they measured that first portion of the seafloor to be five miles below the surface. And so was born the origin of some of the most daring deep-sea explorations known to mankind to date.
Is the Mariana Trench protected?
The Mariana Trench is in waters off Guam and the Mariana Islands. The region is protected from some human activities under its status as a marine monument. The creation of the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument signified that international, national and local leaders all recognize the importance of protecting this area.
However, just because the region is protected does not mean it’s not vulnerable to modern threats to ocean health. Plastic bags have been spotted in the Mariana Trench during several expeditions, highlighting the far-reaching impact of the marine debris problem. No corner of our ocean is safe from the ever-present threat of plastic pollution. The reality of a changing climate makes the future well-being of wondrous places like the Mariana Trench uncertain. What’s more: More than 70% of the global ocean has yet to be mapped. And what we don’t yet know about, we cannot wisely work to protect.
It’s up to us to work together to defend our ocean, from the sandy shores of our favorite beaches to the deepest, darkest parts of the sea. Together, we can work to protect our ocean as a whole, which ultimately helps protect treasured places like Challenger Deep.
Find out how you can join Ocean Conservancy’s wave of momentum to secure a healthy ocean and a thriving planet, forever and for everyone!
The post The Mysteries of the Mariana Trench appeared first on Ocean Conservancy.