As we reflect on the outcomes of COP29, the most recent UN Climate Change Conference, we are struck by the stark contrast between the urgency of the climate crisis and the lack of decisive action by world leaders. COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, fell short in many ways—chief among them, its failure to mobilize adequate climate finance and renew the call to transition away from fossil fuels.
The last-minute $300 billion climate finance deal secured at COP29 falls far short of meeting the urgency of the moment, especially when experts and economists recommend mobilizing $1 trillion per year for developing countries by 2030. That seems like a tall order, but, ironically, $1 trillion in finance does exist—it’s roughly the amount being spent annually on subsidies for the fossil fuel industry. The deal forged in Baku is riddled with loopholes, devoid of real commitment to grants-based finance and inadequate for implementing the ambitious national climate plans required to limit warming to 1.5°C. The continued expansion of fossil fuels and the insufficient financial commitments for climate adaptation and mitigation are particularly harmful to the ocean. The impacts of climate change—warming, acidifying and rising seas—are already devastating marine ecosystems and threatening billions of livelihoods.
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To avoid the worst impacts of climate change, efforts to decarbonize the energy sector must accelerate through innovative and scalable solutions. Together with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Ocean Conservancy co-hosted an official side event at COP29 where we launched a guidance tool designed to integrate responsible offshore wind energy into Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). NDCs, the commitments made by countries under the Paris Agreement, are crucial for driving efforts and increasing climate ambition and climate finance worldwide.
This tool is designed to help decision-makers set specific wind targets for responsible offshore wind projects, develop supportive policies, secure financial resources and integrate this work into their climate action plans. Produced by Ocean Conservancy and the Global Offshore Wind Alliance (GOWA), the NDC Guidance Tool is part of a broader series aimed at advancing the inclusion of ocean-based climate solutions in NDCs and generating financial and policy support for their implementation.
Regrettably, the COP29 Presidency did not prioritize ocean or nature-related topics. Nevertheless, the ocean community remains mobilized. Despite the absence of a decision text advancing the ocean-climate nexus, the Friends of the Ocean and Climate network released a powerful joint statement at the closing plenary. Representing 72 countries and the African Group of Negotiators, the statement reaffirmed their commitment to sustainable ocean-based climate solutions and the urgent need for climate finance to implement them. Ocean Conservancy, as Secretariat for this network, is proud to support these ocean-climate champions. Their leadership is critical as we strive to fully integrate the ocean into discussions on climate finance, NDCs and National Adaptation Plans.
COP29 took place under challenging international circumstances that undermined multilateralism and set a difficult tone for negotiations. Yet, several countries reaffirmed their commitment to collective action—a sentiment echoed in the G20 Leaders’ Declaration released during the conference. Climate disinformation was a significant factor, prompting UN Secretary-General António Guterres to highlight the dangers of “coordinated disinformation campaigns impeding global progress on climate change.” Brazil, the UN and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched the “Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change” at the G20 Summit, marking a crucial step in combating climate misinformation.
Looking ahead to COP30 in Belém, Brazil, the window of opportunity to prevent irreversible damage to our ocean and coastal communities is rapidly closing. The road to COP30 must be paved with ambition. The upcoming UN Ocean Conference in Nice, France, in 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect the dots between COP29 and COP30, building momentum for meaningful ocean action. The recent declaration by President Macron of France and President Lula of Brazil to prioritize ocean protection in their climate and biodiversity commitments brings hope that COP30 can be a turning point for ocean-climate solutions.
On a personal note, COP29’s shortcomings weigh heavily on us as both climate advocates and parents. The IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report is unequivocal: human influence has warmed the planet, and our ocean—the lifeblood of our climate system—is bearing the brunt. COP29’s failure to deliver meaningful progress feels like a betrayal of future generations. Yet, failure is not an option. We must demand more. Parties must submit NDCs aligned with the 1.5°C target and embrace the clean energy transition. Climate finance must be concessional, grants-based, accessible and reliable. The science is clear, and the stakes could not be higher. We left Baku feeling disheartened but not defeated. The fight continues—for the ocean, for our planet and for our children.
The post COP29 Reflections appeared first on Ocean Conservancy.
Ocean Acidification
Dr Heidarzadeh’s TV interview with SkyNews on the massive M7.7 Panama earthquake on 9 October 2026
Dr Heidarzadeh’s TV interview with SkyNews on the massive M7.7 Panama earthquake on 9 October 2026. Click here for the full story.
Dr Heidarzadeh’s TV interview with SkyNews on the massive M7.7 Panama earthquake on 9 October 2026
Our ocean is an incredibly vast and mysterious place. And there is no place where that is more evident than the deepest ocean area in the world: the legendary Mariana Trench. Located east of the Philippines, the Mariana Trench lies in the Mariana Archipelago in the western portion of the North Pacific. The greater area of the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument is made up of more than 95,000 square miles of ocean. Beneath these waters lie incredibly complex aggregations of submerged islands and volcanoes … and of course, an astoundingly massive trench.
Dive in with us to have your biggest questions answered about the famed Mariana Trench.
How deep is the Mariana Trench?
The deepest part of the Mariana Trench, known as Challenger Deep, is almost 36,000 feet below the ocean’s surface. For context, Mount Everest is about 29,000 feet above sea level, so the Mariana Trench is about 7,000 feet deeper than Mount Everest is tall. For one more comparison, the RMS Titanic lies at a depth of about 12,500 feet below sea level. The Challenger Deep is in waters nearly three times deeper than this ship’s final resting place.
Due to its enormous size, the Mariana Trench has at times been affectionately nicknamed the Grand Canyon of the ocean. This is certainly a picturesque image, but don’t let the mammoth size of this U.S. national terrestrial park fool you into thinking the Mariana Trench matches its size. The trench’s footprint is estimated to be 120 times larger than the Grand Canyon’s, and to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep, you’d need to descend through almost six Grand Canyons stacked on top of each other before you’d reach the seafloor.
Oh … and did we mention it’s five times wider than it is deep? It’s about 43 miles wide!
What is Challenger Deep, and how long would it take to reach it?
Challenger Deep is the deepest point of the Mariana Trench. Fewer than 30 people have ever journeyed to this area. The trek below the surface is long, dark and time-consuming, and it’s not an expedition considered lightly by scientists and explorers.
The first people to descend into the depths of this area in 1960 were oceanographers Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, and it took them close to five hours to reach Challenger Deep. Since then, more advanced submersibles have been created, but it still takes two to four hours for modern vessels to reach such depths. For example, explorer and filmmaker James Cameron reached the seafloor in a little more than 2.5 hours in the first documented solo submarine dive to the area, and it took oceanographer Dr. Dawn Wright about four hours in 2022. It is crucial that these submersibles descend slowly and steadily beneath the surface, as the immense water pressure compounds with every mile a submersible descends. Speaking of pressure …
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What is the water pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench?
If you thought the depth of the Mariana Trench was its only jaw-dropping feature, think again. Water pressure is one of the most important factors affecting deep-sea life. In the ocean, pressure increases by one atmosphere for every 33 feet (10 meters) of depth. One atmosphere (a unit of measurement for pressure equivalent to average air pressure at sea level) is equal to about 14.7 pounds per square inch (PSI), which is the approximate standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. If you were to convert atmospheric pressure into weight, one atmosphere is about the weight of a bowling ball. Stay with me, friends.
If a vessel were to dive 2,000 feet below the surface, the pressure would equal that of 60 bowling balls stacked atop every square inch of that submersible. But 60 bowling balls is simply nothing compared to the pressure in the Mariana Trench. The atmospheric pressure at the depths of Challenger Deep is equal to about 16,000 PSI. That pressure is about the same as the weight of an entire full-grown elephant on every square inch of a submersible!
Need a more extreme comparison? If a human were to be placed at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the pressure would be equal to that of 50 jumbo jets piled on top of a person!
Do any animals live in the Mariana Trench?
The depths of the Mariana Trench come with immense pressure and extreme darkness, but somehow, life finds a way to survive. Organisms that live at an extreme depth, like that of Challenger Deep, have to be highly adapted to low temperatures (typically just above freezing), high pressure and virtually no light at all.
Species found in the depths of the Mariana Trench might look vastly different from animals from other ocean depths because their anatomy has been refined to thrive in harsh conditions. At such great depths, these animals typically depend on chemosynthesis (using nutrient-rich waters being pumped out of hydrothermal vents) or descending detritus (dead matter that has fallen from higher parts of the ocean) for food, such as whale falls. Just a handful of these animals include species of octopuses and squids, sea cucumbers, amphipods, sea jellies, shrimp, sea worms and some wild-looking fish!
In 2025, more than 7,000 new species were discovered in the Mariana Trench, including the hadal snailfish (Pseudoliparis swirei). This is the deepest-dwelling fish currently known to science. Now, the fish has been dubbed “the Mariana snailfish.”
How was the Mariana Trench formed?
The process by which the Mariana Trench was created is a geologically fascinating one known as subduction. On the Earth’s surface, there are thin plates that cover the planet’s mantle, which is made of molten rock. If two of these plates collide, one pushes down into the Earth’s mantle while the other is pushed over the bottom plate. When this happens, a trench is formed from the drag of the bottom plate. This process can sometimes create incredibly strong earthquakes. The plates that forged the Mariana Trench’s creation are estimated to be up to approximately 180 million years old.
This trench was unknown to scientists until 1875. It was then that a team of explorers on the HMS Challenger measured the depth of the sea by simply lowering a weighted rope into the water. They were baffled when they measured that first portion of the seafloor to be five miles below the surface. And so was born the origin of some of the most daring deep-sea explorations known to mankind to date.
Is the Mariana Trench protected?
The Mariana Trench is in waters off Guam and the Mariana Islands. The region is protected from some human activities under its status as a marine monument. The creation of the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument signified that international, national and local leaders all recognize the importance of protecting this area.
However, just because the region is protected does not mean it’s not vulnerable to modern threats to ocean health. Plastic bags have been spotted in the Mariana Trench during several expeditions, highlighting the far-reaching impact of the marine debris problem. No corner of our ocean is safe from the ever-present threat of plastic pollution. The reality of a changing climate makes the future well-being of wondrous places like the Mariana Trench uncertain. What’s more: More than 70% of the global ocean has yet to be mapped. And what we don’t yet know about, we cannot wisely work to protect.
It’s up to us to work together to defend our ocean, from the sandy shores of our favorite beaches to the deepest, darkest parts of the sea. Together, we can work to protect our ocean as a whole, which ultimately helps protect treasured places like Challenger Deep.
Find out how you can join Ocean Conservancy’s wave of momentum to secure a healthy ocean and a thriving planet, forever and for everyone!
The post The Mysteries of the Mariana Trench appeared first on Ocean Conservancy.
Intro
At the western tip of Luzon, which is the biggest island of the Philippines, lies the small coastal town of Bolinao. Tourists seldom find their way here as it takes around seven hours to get here by bus from Manila. Still, you can spot foreigners walking around every now and then, but they really stand out among the Filipinos. A reason for their presence is often that they study or work at the Bolinao Marine Laboratory (BML), which belongs to the University of the Philippines (UP). It is one of the seven research institutions participating in the GAME project 2026. Every year, GAME brings together Master’s students from all over the world to experience different cultures and conduct globally replicated experiments in marine ecology.
This year’s Team Philippines consists of Jona, a Filipino master student of Marine Biology at the University of the Philippines, and Konstantin, a German student who is enrolled in the Master programme „Ecology and Evolution“ at Freiburg University. As part of GAME 2026, we are currently staying at BML for 6 months to run experiments about the influence of underwater soundscapes on the colonization of marine hardbottoms.
Where are we?
At the BML, we live in a dormitory together with many other students and scientists mostly from the Philippines and a few international interns. At almost any time of the day there is someone in the kitchen to hang out with, eat together, or simply have a chat. It is easy to make friends in this little community.