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Snugly tucked in between the unpredictable currents of the Menai Strait and the jagged mountain ridges of Snowdonia lies the city of Bangor. Not so much a city, but rather a small town, Bangor is home to about 10,000 citizens and another 8,000 students who bring the town to life during lecture terms. Towering over the town is Bangor University with its Victorian era Main Arts building and tiny canteen that offers a nutritious £2 meal for everyone who is willing to climb the hill during lunch time. Founded in 1884 Bangor University is a research-intensive institution and this year’s setting of our experiment on artificial light at night (ALAN) and its effect on macroalgae.

Bangor’s Garth Pier, with its colourful kiosks and benches, is a great place to bask in the sun…, Photo: Team Wales 2024
… or take a stormy walk in the rain, Photo: Team Wales 2024
Bangor University’s main arts building…, Photo: Team Wales 2024
… has a Hogwarts feel to it, Photo: Team Wales 2024

Excessive artificial light at night from urban settlements, especially in highly populated coastal areas, can scatter over long distances and illuminate even otherwise pristine coastal and marine habitats. The effects light pollution can have on these ecosystems are only little understood. So far conclusions are mostly drawn from observations and studies from terrestrial ecosystems, in which artificial light at night was found to have adverse effects on organism’s behaviour, life cycles, activity patterns as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem functions. In both the marine and terrestrial context, the focus has so far been mainly on animals, but not on plants or algae, especially not on macroalgae.

Therefore, the 2024 GAME project aims to take a closer look at a possible impact artificial light at night might have on macroalgae, in particular on their defence capacity against grazers. Besides investigating the effects of artificial light at night, we included two different mitigation measures in our experimental design. To tackle light pollution and the adverse effects it might have on macroalgae, we will test, if a reduction of the lighting times during the night and/or using a different light spectrum will make a difference.

North Wales is not only an excellent location for researching macroalgae. It also offers a variety of beaches that are still largely untouched by ALAN and are ideal for us to collect test organisms. Ideally, our algae should not yet be polluted with ALAN, so that we have a higher chance of finding an effect during our experiments.

After a little driving test to get a feel for driving on the left-hand side of the road and manoeuvring the one too many round-abouts with so far unknown rules of indicating according to the exit location, we were given access to the university pick-up truck to head out for sample collection on Anglesey Island with its many pristine bays which are rich in marine biodiversity.

Porth Trecastell (Cable Bay) on Anglesey Island is the beach we choose to collect algae and grazer for our first experiment, Photo: Team Wales 2024

In the cold clear waters around North Wales seaweeds grow in abundance which gave us plenty of choice. We will conduct our experiments with several species of brown macroalgae from the Fucoid family that can be found in the intertidal zone. To induce a defence reaction in the algae, we rely on the support of a marine gastropod mollusc also known as the common periwinkle (Littorina Littorea) which – as its name suggests – is very common on the Welsh shores.

The rich biodiversity of macroalgae, including Fucus serratus which will be the macroalgae for our first experiment, of the Welsh waters spotted at Porth Trecastell during our field trip, Photo: Team Wales 2024
A collection of macroalgae we found in the Menai Strait, Photo: Team Wales 2024
Our grazer of choice – the common periwinkle (Littorina Littorea), Photo: Team Wales 2024

In the past two months, we have been busy with planning, meeting, discussing and consulting with our supervisor Dr. Svenja Tidau, an expert in the field of artificial light at night, from the School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, and Dr. Stuart Jenkins, who is an experienced ecologist who knows his grazers, from the School of Ocean Sciences. With their support and thanks to their supply of several pieces of very useful equipment, we could decide on suitable macroalgae species and grazers, conduct our pilot studies, and design our experimental setup. For the latter, we were given the option to choose from different rooms in the Brambell Aquarium and eventually decided to set up our replicate tanks inside large, self-made dark chambers in the main aquarium room.

Setting up our first pilot study to figure out the consumption rate and to calculate the algae to grazer ratio per tank, Photo: Team Wales 2024
Setting up our main experiment at the Brambell Aquarium: Barbara implementing the air supply hoses, Photo: Team Wales 2024
Setting up our main experiment at the Aquarium: Camille working on the power connections for our light treatments, Photo: Team Wales 2024

After a series of equipment hunting, DIY and online market shopping sprees, and with the indispensable assistance and advice of Mike Hayle, lab technician of the Aquarium, we managed to realise many of our creative ideas. After drilling 480 holes in 120 tanks, clipping 10 meters of hose in 310 pieces, putting them together with 70 connectors, sawing and inserting 120 plastic pipettes as water outlet, attaching 120 air stones to roughly 15 meters of air supply tubes, cutting about 47 m2 of black-out curtain, sawing 40 meters of pipes and putting them together with 50 connectors, cutting 5 transparent nets and attaching them with 20 little hooks to keep the grazers where they belong, attaching 5 rescue blankets as reflector sheets to disperse the light in the chambers more evenly, cutting 60 little pieces of mash and glueing it to 60 little stones to use as a mount for our algae, safely and water-proof placing and connecting 8 LEDS, we could finally set up.

Barbara is drilling one of the 480 holes in the Controlled-Temperature-Room we are using as our workshop and later for conducting our measurements, Photo: Team Wales 2024

When we’re not travelling on behalf of GAME, you’ll find us somewhere on the coast spotting seabirds and hopefully someday dolphins or basking sharks, at one of North Wales beautiful lakes, hiking in Snowdonia or enjoying a traditional British afternoon tea.

We love it here and are looking forward to staying a little longer!

Looking for seabirds in South Stack. We were lucky and saw three of the 10 puffins that are on site this season, Photo: Team Wales 2024
Llyn Padarn – a very beautiful lake surrounded by the mountains of Snowdonia, Photo: Team Wales 2024
Barbara enjoying afternoon tea at Bangor University, Photo: Team Wales 2024

Now as the stock tanks have been set up, the organisms are well acclimated, and we are good and ready: it is time to experiment!

Our test organisms acclimating, Photo: Team Wales 2024

Croesi bysedd! Fingers crossed for a good start!

Camille & Barbara

Shedding some light – investigating the effects of light pollution on macroalgae off the Northwestern coast of Wales, UK

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Chemie: macht das Unsichtbare sichtbar

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English version below

Wenn man an Chemie denkt, denkt man wahrscheinlich schnell an explodierende Gläser, ätzende Säuren und verrückte Professoren, aber nicht an den Ozean. Hier an Bord wird unsere Wissenschaftsteam auch von zwei chemischen Ozeanographen begleitet, Tobias Steinhoff und Kristin Kampen.

Den beiden habe ich die Frage gestellt, „Was findet ihr an der chemischen Ozeanografie spannend?“: Es ist unglaublich interessant, was es alles an unsichtbaren Prozessen im Meer gibt, die unser aller Leben beeinflussen: In der chemischen Ozeanographie untersuchen wir, wie sich chemische Bestandteile im Meer verhalten, z.B. wie sich gelöste Gase (wie CO₂ und Sauerstoff), Nährsalze (wie Nitrat und Phosphat), Spurenmetalle und organische Verbindungen im Meerwasser verhalten und verteilen. Der Ozean nimmt CO₂ auf, produziert Sauerstoff und transportiert Nährstoffe durch den Ozean und überall wirken chemische Prozesse mit. Diese Zusammenhänge zu verstehen ist Grundlage unserer Arbeit.

Auf unserer Ausfahrt in der Labradorsee nehmen sie Seewasserproben und extrahieren gelöstes organisches Material (DOM). Dies umfasst alle organischen Verbindungen, die im Meerwasser gelöst sind, also nicht als Partikel vorliegen. Das sind zum Beispiel Zucker, Aminosäuren, Fette und komplexere Moleküle, die aus abgestorbenen Organismen, Ausscheidungen von Meereslebewesen oder dem Abbau von Algen stammen. Als einer der größten Kohlenstoffspeicher spielt DOM eine zentrale Rolle im marinen Kohlenstoffkreislauf. Die Labradorsee ist eine der wichtigsten Regionen für die Bildung des North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Oberflächenwasser sinkt in die Tiefe und nimmt dabei DOM mit. Das NADW verteilt dieses Material dann über Jahrhunderte durch die Weltmeere und entzieht so der Atmosphäre langfristig Kohlenstoff. Zusätzlich werden kontinuierliche Messungen von pCO₂/O₂ im Oberflächenwasser während der Fahrt durchgeführt, um sich den Austausch von CO₂ zwischen Ozean und Atmosphäre anzuschauen. Viele Prozesse sind hierbei immer noch nicht vollständig verstanden, wie z.B. der Gasaustausch bei hohen Windgeschwindigkeiten.

Foto: Julia Pelle

Da es hier auf See, besonders in dieser Region, oft sehr stürmisch zugeht, ist kein Geheimnis und es geht natürlich besonders in einem Chemie Labor dann doch mal etwas zu Bruch. Wie läuft diese Arbeit also bei 11bft und 6 Meter Wellen ab. Wasserproben müssen meist innerhalb von 24 Stunden verarbeitet werden. Da kann man nicht immer Rücksicht auf die Wetterbedingungen nehmen. Einige Arbeiten werden immer noch nasschemisch gemacht und unter Einsatz von Glasmaterial. Sowohl das genaue Abmessen von Reagenzien als auch das Zusammenhalten der Glasware ist nicht immer einfach bei einem rollenden Schiff (und auch nicht immer erfolgreich). Man versucht zwar den doch dann plötzlichen Bewegungen des Schiffes entgegenzuwirken und alle Proben Behälter, Kisten und Flaschen zu sichern. Man wird aber dann doch mal von einem umkippenden Mülleimer überrascht und die noch neu verpackten Plastikröhrchen oder andere Fliegengewichte im Regal finden bei der einen oder anderen Welle ihren Weg auf die gegenüberliegende Seite im Labor. Dazu kommt, dass beim Arbeiten mit chemischen Stoffen und Proben doch des Öfteren beide Hände für die Arbeit gebraucht werden. Wird man dann allerdings von einer Welle überrascht, erfordert das Festhalten mit der dritten Hand (Fuß falls man schnell genug ist), einiges an Bauchmuskeln.

Probenflaschen
Foto: Julia Pelle

Das Besondere an der Arbeit auf See ist, dass man neben der alltäglichen Schreibtischarbeit auch praktisch arbeiten kann. Dabei ist man auf die enge Zusammenarbeit mit seinen Kollegen angewiesen und lernt sie dabei viel besser kennen. Zusätzlich sind auch viele andere Forschungsbereiche mit an Bord, wodurch es einen spannenden Austausch zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen gibt.

Zum Schluss hier noch ein kleiner Tipp am Rande von unseren Chemikern und für deine erste Forschungsseereise: Laschen, laschen, laschen und immer ein Ohr am Bordfunk: Der Arbeitsplan ist bei den Wetterbedingungen eher ein Vorschlag und kann sich stündlich ändern (die nächste CTD Station ist immer um die Ecke).

Chemistry: Making the Invisible Visible

When you think of chemistry, you probably quickly imagine exploding glassware, corrosive acids, and crazy professors, but not the ocean. Here on board, our scientific team is also accompanied by two chemical oceanographers, Tobias Steinhoff und Kristin Kampen.
I asked them the question: “What do you find exciting about chemical oceanography?”

“It is incredibly fascinating how many invisible processes exist in the ocean that influence all of our lives. In chemical oceanography, we study the fate of various chemical components in the ocean: for example, how dissolved gases (such as CO₂ and oxygen), nutrients (such as nitrate and phosphate), trace metals, and organic compounds behave and are distributed in seawater. The ocean absorbs CO₂, produces oxygen, and transports nutrients through complex cycles, including chemical processes. Understanding these relationships forms the basis of our work.”

During our expedition in the Labrador Sea, they collect seawater samples and extract dissolved organic material (DOM). This includes all compounds dissolved in seawater, meaning they are not present as particles. Examples include sugars, amino acids, fats, and more complex molecules that originate from dead organisms, excretions from marine life, or the breakdown of algae. As one of the largest carbon reservoirs, DOM plays a central role in the marine carbon cycle.

Photo: Julia Pelle

The Labrador Sea is one of the most important regions for the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Surface water sinks into the depths, carrying DOM with it. NADW then distributes this material throughout the world’s oceans over centuries, thereby removing carbon from the atmosphere over the long term. In addition, continuous measurements of pCO₂ and O₂ in surface water are taken during the voyage to study the exchange of CO₂ between the ocean and the atmosphere. Many processes involved are still not fully understood, such as gas exchange under high wind speeds.

It is no secret that conditions at sea especially in this region are often very stormy, and in a chemistry lab, things can occasionally break. So how does this work at 11 Beaufort and 6-meter waves? Water samples usually need to be processed within 24 hours, so you cannot always take weather conditions into account. Some work is still done using wet chemistry and glass equipment. Accurately measuring reagents and holding glassware steady is not always easy on a rolling ship (and not always successful). Although efforts are made to counteract sudden ship movements and to secure all sample containers, boxes, and bottles, you may still be caught off guard by a tipping trash bin, and newly packaged plastic tubes or other lightweight items can suddenly fly across the lab with the next wave.

On top of that, when working with chemicals and samples, both hands are often needed. If a wave hits unexpectedly, holding on with a “third hand” (your foot, if you are quick enough) requires quite a bit of core strength. What makes working at sea special is that, alongside everyday desk work, you can also do hands-on work. This requires close cooperation with colleagues, allowing you to get to know them much better. In addition, many other research disciplines are on board, which creates exciting exchanges between different groups.

Finally, here is a small tip from our chemists for your first research expedition: strap everything down, strap everything down, strap everything down and always keep one ear on the ship’s radio. The work schedule is more of a suggestion under these weather conditions and can change hourly (the next CTD station is always just around the corner).

Chemie: macht das Unsichtbare sichtbar

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Between Storms and Science: Easter in the Labrador Sea (04.04.26–13.04.26)

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Between all the scientific work, we celebrated Easter on board, although the weather had other plans for us. Due to rough conditions, we weren’t able to carry out any CTD casts.

Photo: Sarah Tomae

Easter itself was spent in a mix of rest and small celebrations. Some of us enjoyed a long Easter breakfast with traditional Easter bread, while others took the opportunity to sleep in. In the evening, we gathered with both crew and scientists for a small celebration. The ship’s cook even organized a quiz, and those who answered correctly were rewarded with Easter chocolate.

The next day, the weather improved, and we began early with the recovery of K1, a 3,495-meter-long mooring in the middle of the Labrador Sea.

We joined the nautical officers on the bridge before sunrise to search for it. Fortunately, K1 has a floating buoy with a light, so we were able to spot it even in the dark. The actual recovery started at first light, and it began to snow while we were working.

Photo: Sarah Tomae, GEOMAR

Amid all the CTDs and mooring operations, there was also a personal highlight: my (Sarah’s) birthday. Although I’ve spent birthdays away from home before, this one felt especially unique, being so far out at sea, with only limited internet contact.

Normally, I work the 4-8 shift, but my incredibly kind shift team gave me the morning off. That meant I could sleep in and even find time to call family and friends back home. In the afternoon, I was surprised with my favourite cake, baked by Julia.

Our work continued with the mooring array at 53°N, which consists of seven moorings. So far, we have recovered five (K7, K8, K9, DSOW1 and DSOW2), and three of them have already been redeployed (K7, K8 and DSOW1,).

Deploying K7 turned out to be particularly tricky. On our first attempt, sea ice drifted toward us faster than expected, forcing us to recover nearly half of the mooring again. While the ship itself can handle drifting ice, deploying a mooring is much more delicate: a long cable with instruments and floats is released behind the ship before the anchor is dropped, allowing the system to sink into place.

Two days later, we tried again and this time, the deployment was successful.

Photo: Sarah Tomae

Afterwards, we moved closer to the sea ice, which was a highlight for many of us. Seeing the ice up close and even spotting a seal swimming nearby, made the experience unforgettable.

Photo: Sarah Tomae
Photo: Sascha Gniosdorz

Due to the continuing harsh weather, the decision was made to return to K1 and make use of an upcoming weather window for deployment the following day.

German:

Zwischen Stürmen und Wissenschaft: Ostern in der Labradorsee (04.04.26 – 13.04.26)

Zwischen all der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit haben wir Ostern an Bord gefeiert, auch wenn das Wetter andere Pläne für uns hatte. Aufgrund der rauen Bedingungen konnten wir keine CTD-Messungen durchführen (Messungen von Leitfähigkeit, Temperatur und Tiefe im Ozean).

Foto: Sarah Tomae

Ostern selbst war eine Mischung aus Erholung und kleinen Feierlichkeiten. Einige von uns genossen ein ausgedehntes Osterfrühstück mit traditionellem Osterbrot, während andere die Gelegenheit nutzten, etwas länger zu schlafen. Am Abend kamen Crew und Wissenschaftler*innen zu einer kleinen Feier zusammen. Der Koch organisierte sogar ein Quiz, und wer die Fragen richtig beantwortete, wurde mit Oster-Schokolade belohnt.

Am nächsten Tag besserte sich das Wetter, und wir begannen früh mit der Bergung von K1, einer 3.495 Meter langen Verankerung mitten in der Labradorsee. (Eine Verankerung ist eine lange, am Meeresboden befestigter Draht, der mit Instrumenten ausgestattet ist, um über längere Zeit Ozeandaten zu messen.)

Noch vor Sonnenaufgang gingen wir mit den nautischen Offizieren auf die Brücke, um nach ihr Ausschau zu halten. Glücklicherweise verfügt K1 über eine schwimmende Boje mit Licht, sodass wir sie bereits im Dunkeln entdecken konnten. Die eigentliche Bergung begann bei Tagesanbruch und es begann sogar zu schneien.

Foto: Sarah Tomae

Zwischen all den CTD-Einsätzen und Verankerungsarbeiten gab es auch ein persönliches Highlight: meinen (Sarahs) Geburtstag. Obwohl ich schon öfter Geburtstage fernab von zu Hause verbracht habe, war dieser besonders, so weit draußen auf dem Meer und mit nur eingeschränktem Internetkontakt.

Normalerweise arbeite ich in der 4-8 Uhr Schicht, aber mein unglaublich nettes Schichtteam hat mir den Morgendienst freigegeben. So konnte ich etwas länger schlafen und hatte sogar Zeit, mit Familie und Freunden zu Hause zu telefonieren. Am Nachmittag wurde ich dann noch mit meinem Lieblingskuchen überrascht, den Julia für mich gebacken hat.

Unsere Arbeit ging weiter mit dem Verankerungs-Array bei 53°, das aus sieben Verankerungen besteht. Bisher haben wir fünf geborgen (DSOW1, DSOW2, K7, K8 und K9), von denen drei bereits wieder ausgebracht wurden (DSOW1, K7 und K8).

Das Ausbringen von K7 erwies sich als besonders schwierig. Beim ersten Versuch trieb das Meereis schneller auf uns zu als erwartet, sodass wir fast die Hälfte der Verankerung wieder einholen mussten. Obwohl das Schiff selbst gut durch treibendes Eis navigieren kann, ist das Ausbringen einer Verankerung deutlich anspruchsvoller: Dabei wird ein langer Draht mit Messinstrumenten und Auftriebskörpern hinter dem Schiff ausgesetzt, bevor am Ende der Anker gelöst wird und das gesamte System absinkt.

Zwei Tage später versuchten wir es erneut, diesmal mit Erfolg.

Foto: Sarah Tomae

Anschließend fuhren wir näher an das Meereis heran, was für viele von uns ein besonderes Highlight war. Das Eis aus nächster Nähe zu sehen und sogar eine Robbe in der Nähe schwimmen zu beobachten, machte das Erlebnis unvergesslich.

Foto: Sarah Tomae
Foto: Sascha Gniosdorz

Aufgrund der weiterhin rauen Wetterbedingungen wurde schließlich entschieden, zu K1 zurückzukehren, um ein bevorstehendes Wetterfenster für die Ausbringung am nächsten Tag zu nutzen.

Between Storms and Science: Easter in the Labrador Sea (04.04.26–13.04.26)

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Humans Just Flew Around the Moon This Week. But Would Babies Born There Ever Truly Feel Gravity? Ask Jellyfish Babies.

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This week, NASA’s Artemis II crew made history by flying around the Moon and returning safely to Earth, the first human journey to the Moon’s vicinity in more than 50 years. It was a stunning reminder that humanity is no longer just dreaming about living beyond Earth. We are actively rehearsing for it.

And that leads to a much stranger, deeper question: even if one day we build skyscrapers on the Moon, raise families there, and turn space into a place to live, will babies born away from Earth develop a normal sense of gravity? Or will their bodies learn the universe differently?

To explore that question, NASA once turned to an unexpected stand-in for human babies: jellyfish babies. On the STS-40 mission, scientists sent thousands of tiny jellyfish polyps into space because jellyfish, like humans, rely on gravity-sensing structures to orient themselves. The experiment asked a simple but profound question: if a living body develops in microgravity, will it still know how to handle gravity later?

The answer was both fascinating and unsettling. The jellyfish developed in space in large numbers, but once back under Earth’s gravity, the ones that had developed in microgravity showed far more pulsing abnormalities than the Earth-grown controls. In other words, their bodies formed, but their sense of balance did not seem to work quite the same way.

That is why this old jellyfish experiment still matters today. Before we imagine lunar cities, schools, nurseries, and generations born off-world, we need to ask not only whether humans can survive in space, but whether developing there changes how the body understands something as basic as up, down, and movement. Jellyfish babies cannot tell us everything about human children, but they may have given us one of the first clues that life born beyond Earth might not come home unchanged.

Reference: https://nlsp.nasa.gov/view/lsdapub/lsda_experiment/0c10d660-6b12-573d-8c3b-e20e071aed3b

Image: GEOMAR, Sarah Uphoff

Humans Just Flew Around the Moon This Week. But Would Babies Born There Ever Truly Feel Gravity? Ask Jellyfish Babies.

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