Last Updated on February 29, 2024
According to EWG, “fragrance” or “parfum” on a product label represents an undisclosed mixture of various scent chemicals and ingredients used as fragrance dispersants such as diethyl phthalate.
EWG further acknowledges fragrance mixes have been associated with allergies, dermatitis, respiratory distress and potential effects on the reproductive system. They give “fragrance” a score of 8, 1 being the best and 10 being the worst for human (and environmental) health.

I personally try to avoid items that heavily rely on fragrance. They give me really intense headaches.
This includes items like air fresheners, fabric softeners, scent boosters, and perfume. Many of these products contribute to indoor air pollution, which is typically 5x more polluted than outdoor levels, according to the EPA, which can negatively impact our health.
In fact, half of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the building blocks of smog, studied from roadside air in Los Angeles came from household products! The other half came from vehicles.
I try to improve the air quality of my home by making my own DIY Febreze, making a simmer pot, or simply opening a window. I also avoid using conventional perfumes, as these trigger my headaches.
When it comes to perfume, I like to support sustainable perfume brands, or make my own DIY natural perfume. Here’s everything you need to know regarding natural perfume, and how I make my own.

what is a natural perfume?
A natural perfume is a fragrance derived from natural aromatics that are extracted from nature, such as trees, flowers and plants. Natural perfumes contain little to no synthetic ingredients.
A natural perfume will often contain essential oils and carrier oil. The essential oils’ fragrance characteristics are classified as notes. There are top notes, middle notes, and base notes.
Here’s a bit about each fragrance note:
- Top notes are light, fresh and fast acting. It’s usually the first scent you smell in a blend. They tend to evaporate quickly. Examples include grapefruit, orange, peppermint and lemongrass.
- Middle notes help balance the blend. You probably won’t smell them right away, but the soft scent may become apparent after a minute or two. Examples include rose, lavender and cinnamon bark.
- Base notes are strong and heavy, which ground the blend in their long-lasting scent. Examples include sandalwood, frankincense, cedarwood and patchouli.
Synthetic fragrances can replicate the scent of natural fragrances but are developed in laboratories.
Synthetic fragrances can have adverse health effects, as many are derived from petroleum by-products. Chemicals found in fragrances include phthalates, which are endocrine disruptors, and carcinogens benzophenone and styrene. In addition, some children and adults have allergic reactions to fragrance chemicals.
sustainable sourcing of natural fragrances
One benefit of synthetic fragrance over natural is that they do not require the harvesting of scents from trees or plants. Therefore, there’s no risk of overharvesting or damaging an ecosystem.
Frankincense collection can damage trees and threaten the livelihoods of villages who depend on them. High demand means that many trees are being over-exploited, and populations are at risk of dying out.
However, this is why it’s equally important we know where the ingredients in our perfume come from, and how it is sourced.
The most sustainable thing you can do is use the essential oils you already own to make your own DIY perfume (more on how to do this later).
If you’d like to make your own natural perfume and need to buy new essential oils, I recommend looking into brands that use organic ingredients and sustainable harvesting methods.
Not every essential oil brand is created equal, so choose brands that are harvesting their plants ethically like doTerra, Jade Bloom, Mountain Rose Herbs, and Plant Therapy.
It is also worth noting that even natural fragrances can have adverse health effects and trigger allergic reactions. So be mindful of this as you experiment with natural perfumes too.
is there an organic perfume?
Yes there are organic perfumes for sale on the market. If you’re looking for pre-made perfumes that contain natural, clean ingredients, here are the best non-toxic perfume brands.

how can I smell good naturally without perfume?
You can smell good naturally without perfume in many ways. Here are a few simple ways to smell good naturally without perfume:
- Spritz yourself and your clothes with some rose water
- Apply natural deodorant daily
- Add a lavender bud or rose petal sachet to your clothing drawer
- Shower right after a workout and on a frequent basis using scented bar soap, like the ones from Lush
- Use one of these organic shampoos to clean your hair and make it smell great
- Keep up with dental hygiene: Brush your teeth twice a day, floss, and go to dental checkups every 6 months
- Eat more plant based: According to a study, eating a nonmeat diet was found to improve odor and vegetarian participants were judged as significantly more pleasant odor-wise
what can I use as a natural perfume?
There are many natural perfume options you can DIY yourself. Many times, herbs and spices can be used to make natural perfume, as well as essential oils.
I personally prefer to make an infusion using rose petals, lavender petals, and chamomile flowers bought in bulk from my local tea shop. You can infuse other types of herbs to get a different scent.
The other recipes below are natural perfume using essential oil blends. Before I go into the recipes, I’d like to share with you a few examples of essential oil blends and carrier oils, as they will be mentioned in the following recipes.

essential oil blends
These are some examples of essential oil combinations that work well together. Use it as inspiration, but feel free to play around and make up your own scents as well.
You can also play around with the number of drops you give each essential oil, but I recommend sticking to 10 drops max overall if you’re putting your DIY perfume in a 10ml glass bottle.
springtime blend
- Top note: 3 drops of tangerine essential oil
- Middle note: 5 drops of lemongrass essential oil
- Base note: 2 drops of peppermint essential oil
mysterious and sultry blend
- Top note: 3 drops of bergamot essential oil
- Middle note: 5 drops of jasmine essential oil
- Base note: 2 drops of vanilla essential oil
dreamy and romantic blend
- Top note: 3 drops of rose essential oil
- Middle note: 5 drops of ylang-ylang essential oil
- Base note: 2 drops of patchouli essential oil
earthy blend
- Top note: 3 drops of citrus (lime, lemon or sweet orange) essential oil
- Middle note: 5 drops pine, cinnamon, or nutmeg essential oil
- Base note: 2 drops of sandalwood or cedarwood essential oil
carrier oils
Carrier oils are oils used to suspend and deliver essential oils. They’re the base you add essential oils to so they are diluted before you apply them to your skin, which can prevent irritation. Ideally, you want your carrier oil to be thin and without a strong fragrance, so the essential oils can be the star.
Examples of carrier oils include:
- Fractionated coconut oil
- Sweet almond oil
- Grapeseed oil
- Jojoba oil
- Saffron oil

1. floral infused oil perfume
This DIY natural perfume recipe is from my book, 101 Ways to Go Zero Waste. Be sure to check it out for more recipes like this.
For this recipe, you’ll need a small 8-ounce swing-top jar to store the mixture in while it’s being prepared, and a little roll-on bottle to strain it into once it’s ready.
Ingredients:
- 1/4 cup dried rose petals
- 1/4 cup lavender petals
- 1/4 cup dried chamomile flowers
- 1 cup safflower oil
- 2 tablespoons vitamin E oil
Instructions:
- Add the dried flowers to an 8-ounce swing-top jar. Pour the safflower oil over the flowers and close the jar. Place the jar on the windowsill and shake once a day for 2 to 3 weeks. The oil will be infused with a beautiful floral scent.
- Strain the flowers out and pour the scented oil into a roll-on bottle.
- Apply the scented oil to your hot spots like wrists, behind the elbows, behind the knees, behind your ears, and where the collarbone meets in the middle.

2. essential oil roll-on perfume
This perfume is perfect for those who prefer applying perfume directly onto their skin. It’s subtle, but wonderful for applying on dates or around friends. They’ll get a nice whiff when you give them a hug! Apply to your hot spots (behind the ears, wrists, etc.) for the best results.
Ingredients:
- 10 drops of essential oil blend of your choice
- 9 ml carrier oil of your choice to top off a 10 ml roll-on bottle
- Fresh and/or dried herbs and flowers (optional)
Instructions:
- Fill your perfume bottle with a carrier oil. If you don’t want your perfume bottle to have any color, choose fractionated coconut oil. The other oils will be in various shades of amber and green.
- Add the 10 drops of your chosen essential oil blend to your 10ml bottle.
- Add in your combination of fresh and dried flowers, leaves, or petals to decorate the bottle. This can be rose petals, lavender petals, calendula petals, etc.

3. essential oil perfume spray
Ideal for those who prefer to spray on their perfume. Or, for those who like to spray their clothes to infuse them with a nice scent! Just a few spritz and you’ll be ready to walk out the door.
ingredients:
- ½ tsp of jojoba oil
- 10 drops of essential oil blend of your choice
- vodka or witch hazel to top off a 10 ml spray bottle
instructions:
- Using a small funnel, combine the jojoba oil and essential oils in the spray bottle. Replace the lid and shake well.
- Fill the bottle the rest of the way with witch hazel. Replace the lid and shake it up well to combine.
Would you try any of these DIY natural perfume recipes? Let me know in the comments!
The post What is Natural Perfume? + 3 Simple DIY Perfumes appeared first on Going Zero Waste.
Green Living
Earth911 Inspiration: Love of Nature Transcends
This week’s quote is from Jimmy Carter, the 39th president of the U.S., philanthropist, and environmental advocate: “Like music and art, love of nature is a common language that can transcend political or social boundaries.”
Earth911 inspirations. Post them, share your desire to help people think of the planet first, every day. Click the poster to get a larger image.
This poster was originally published on February 7, 2020.
The post Earth911 Inspiration: Love of Nature Transcends appeared first on Earth911.
https://earth911.com/inspire/earth911-inspiration-love-of-nature-transcends-jimmy-carter/
Green Living
Outdoor Projects You Can DIY for Almost Nothing
It always strikes us as amusing how many DIY projects you see online that seem to require more time and more money than it would take to simply buy the thing they’re trying to DIY in the first place. Are we missing the point?
We think that doing things ourselves and taking back the power to create instead of simply consuming is absolutely vital to the green movement. But if you don’t already have the materials and spend a lot of money purchasing craft supplies, does it really make sense to DIY?
These eight projects are true do-it-yourself masterpieces. One-of-a-kind outdoor projects you can make for almost nothing, with supplies you most likely already have or can easily pick up second hand for a song. Roll up your sleeves and let’s get started!
1. Teapot/Teacup Bird Feeder

Do you have one of Grandma’s old tea sets lying around that doesn’t quite fit into the sleek modern aesthetic you’ve been cultivating? Put it to great use by feeding the birds in your area — in style.
Thrift stores are always awash in old china, so if you don’t already have the old tea set, consider going wild and spending a few bucks for this DIY delight. You’ll find blogger Dinah Wulf’s instructions for the teacup bird feeder at DIY Inspired.
Safety note: Use sturdy twine or cord — not chain — to hang the feeder. Birds can catch their toes in chain links, which causes serious injury. The National Audubon Society also recommends cleaning seed feeders every two weeks (more often in hot, humid weather) by scrubbing with soap and water and soaking in a 50-50 vinegar-water solution to prevent the spread of avian disease.
2. Gardening Tool Storage

What on earth do you do with those rusty-as-heck, old-school garden rakes hanging around your garage? Well, if you’re any sort of DIY genius, you press them into service as a gardening tool holder.
The original inspiration for this project came from Beth Logan at Artstuff Ltd., whose blog has since gone offline. For a current walkthrough, see the Repurposed Rake Tool Rack tutorial at DIY n Crafts (project #14 in their roundup of 25 ways to reuse old garden tools). The concept is embarrassingly simple — remove the rake handle, mount the head tines-out on a fence or garage wall, and use the tines themselves as hooks for trowels, gloves, and pruners — but eye-catching enough to make you look like a DIY pro.
3. Bottle Tree

Do you like wine? No, I mean do you really like wine? Do you want a reason to drink more of it? And does your garden need a cute border? This sustainable, upcycled garden border may be just the project for you. You might have to expand your drinking list to include bottles of various shapes, sizes, and colors — but variety is the spice of life.
When friends ask how you managed to collect so many bottles, just laugh gaily and then distract them with your dainty teacup bird feeder. The bottle tree tradition itself runs deep — Mississippi garden writer Felder Rushing traces the practice back through African American Southern folk art and, by his own research, as far as ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. See his bottle tree gallery and history for inspiration, or jump straight to his how-to guide for building one out of a cedar snag, rebar, or just about anything else.
4. Colorful Outdoor “Tiles”

If your backyard isn’t perfectly landscaped and manicured, with an impeccably tiled “outdoor living space,” don’t despair. You can use up all those half-empty paint cans and create a Pinterest-worthy colorful backdrop for evenings spent clustered around a fire or barbecue.
Pop a few coats of paint on cement tiles and you have a one-of-a-kind flooring solution. If you rent, the same effect could be achieved on a more temporary basis by letting the kids go wild with sidewalk chalk and create a mosaic masterpiece. Check out Elsie’s Painted Patio Tiles at A Beautiful Mess for the back story on this DIY idea. (Heads up: the original author noted she had to touch up the paint each spring in Missouri winters — a porch and patio floor enamel will hold up better than wall paint.)
5. Home Sweet Gnome

Okay, this one might be the least practical idea of the bunch, but that may be why I love it oh so much. If you have a stump in your backyard and you’re not willing or able to pay the truly insane amount it costs to have it ground down and removed, how about making it into a little gnome home? This is the perfect outdoor project if you have small children in your life.
Construct the trappings of a little house — door, windows, winding garden path — from found objects or natural materials, and affix them to the stump. Bonus points if you don’t tell the kids about this particular DIY project and allow them to simply stumble upon it one day in the garden. My mind would have been blown if I had come across one of these as a seven-year-old. For a step-by-step build, see this Gnome Tree Stump Home tutorial on Instructables.
Safety note: Don’t use an angle grinder to gouge windows or doors into a stump. Use a chisel and mallet for shallow detail work, or attach decorative pieces (driftwood, bark, polymer clay) to the outside instead.
6. Mosaic Stepping Stones from Broken China

Every household eventually accumulates a small graveyard of chipped mugs, a single survivor from a four-piece dinner set, or a beloved teapot with a hairline crack. Rather than tossing them — broken ceramics generally aren’t accepted in curbside recycling — embed them in concrete stepping stones for a garden path that’s genuinely one of a kind.
This pairs beautifully with the teacup project above: any teacups that don’t make it past Project #1 (you will break a few) can come back as paving. The DIY mosaic stepping stones tutorial at Gardening.org walks through the full process — breaking ceramics safely inside a drop cloth, sizing pieces to half-inch to one-inch fragments, pressing them into wet concrete, and sealing the surface so sharp edges don’t cause injury underfoot. Basic mold options include an old cake pan, a plastic plant saucer, or a purpose-built stepping stone form from a craft store.
Safety note: Wear safety glasses and heavy gloves when breaking ceramics. Once cured, run a finger over the surface to check for protruding edges and file or sand any down before placing the stone where bare feet might land.
7. Vertical Pallet Herb Garden
Shipping pallets are one of the world’s most abundant near-free materials. Small businesses, garden centers, and feed stores often have stacks of them out back, and asking politely beats the alternative of seeing them landfilled. Mounted vertically against a sunny wall or fence, a pallet becomes a stacked planter that holds enough herbs to keep a kitchen in basil, thyme, parsley, and chives all season.
Grit Magazine published a clear how-to for a vertical pallet planter — line the back and sides with landscape fabric or heavy plastic to hold soil, fill through the slats, and plant each gap as its own row. The gaps act as natural divisions, so different herbs don’t fight for the same root space.
Safety note: Use only heat-treated pallets for anything edible. Look for the IPPC stamp with the letters HT (heat treated) and avoid any stamped MB (methyl bromide — a fumigant restricted under the Montreal Protocol). Unstamped pallets are unknowns; skip them for food crops. The same heat-treated pallets are fine for ornamental flowers either way.
8. Punched Tin Can Lanterns
Steel food cans — soup, tomato, coffee — are one of the most recyclable materials on Earth, but the recycling-then-buying-something-decorative loop has plenty of slack in it. With nothing more than a hammer, a few nails of varying sizes, and the freezer, an empty can becomes an outdoor lantern that throws constellation patterns across a patio at dusk.
HGTV’s tin can lantern tutorial covers the trick that makes this project work: fill the can with water and freeze it solid before punching, so the ice supports the can wall and prevents denting. Sketch your pattern on paper, tape it to the frozen can, punch through with a nail at each marked dot, and let the ice thaw. Drop in a battery tealight (much safer outdoors than a real flame) and group them along a walkway or down the center of an outdoor table.
The Point of All This
None of these projects requires you to buy more than a tube of waterproof adhesive, a bag of concrete, or maybe a stepping stone mold. The materials — chipped china, leftover wine bottles, empty cans, a forgotten pallet, an old rake — are already in your house or someone else’s. That’s the point. The greenest project is the one that uses what already exists, and the best part is that yours will look like nobody else’s.
Editor’s Note: This article, originally authored by Madeleine Somerville on June 17, 2015, was updated with corrected links and new ideas in May 2026.
The post Outdoor Projects You Can DIY for Almost Nothing appeared first on Earth911.
https://earth911.com/diy/outdoor-projects-you-can-diy-for-almost-nothing/
Green Living
Best of Sustainability In Your Ear: Author Nadina Galle on The Nature of Our Cities
More than half the world’s population—4.4 billion people—live in cities today. That number is expected to rise to 80% by 2050. Our guest, Nadina Galle, is a trailblazing ecological engineer and author of The Nature of Our Cities. She is an ecological engineer who studies the intersection of nature and technology in urban environments. Nadina developed the concept of an Internet of Nature (IoN) that uses tools like artificial intelligence, automation, and sensors to support and enhance ecosystems within cities. Nadina’s book offers a transformative perspective on how urban spaces can be reimagined in the face of climate change and sprawling development. She shares the inspiring story of the Groene Loper project in Maastricht, Netherlands, where soil sensors were deployed to monitor tree health. The results were remarkable, with trees supported by this technology growing up to three times larger than those without it. This is a powerful example of how technology can not only protect trees but also transform urban spaces into healthier, greener environments.

From fire and the wheel to the reinforced concrete frames that define modern buildings, we are surrounded by technology. We tend to forget that technology emerged in response to nature — too often, we treated nature as the enemy, the chaos to be contained instead of recognizing that nature’s cycles and changes are the harmony we need to join to sustain society. The loss of any semblance of natural patterns, which ultimately leads to the depletion of the resources necessary for life, has inevitably led to the collapse of previous major civilizations. Modern society has more runway than previous societies because we have created a global economy, but that risks an even greater fall for our species when the ecological underpinnings of our prosperity collapse. The Nature of Our Cities, is a powerful, straightforward, and emotionally resonant book to help you think through your role and choices in the restoration of nature. You can find it on Amazon or Powell’s Books.
- Subscribe to Sustainability in Your Ear on iTunes and Apple Podcasts.
- Follow Sustainability in Your Ear on Spreaker, iHeartRadio, or YouTube.
Editor’s Note: This episode originally aired in December 2024.
The post Best of Sustainability In Your Ear: Author Nadina Galle on The Nature of Our Cities appeared first on Earth911.
https://earth911.com/podcast/earth911-podcast-nadina-galle-on-the-nature-of-our-cities/
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