The co-organizers of the meeting sharing four sentences about their work with Pope Francis, with CCL’s Danny Richter taking a picture in the background.
Reflecting on the legacy of Laudato Si
By Danny Richter
After sharing a joke over lunch, Paul and I clinked glasses. I am, rather improbably, referring to Paul Crutzen, the Nobel Laureate in Chemistry who coined the term “Anthropocene” to refer to the geologic period of time in which humans have had a substantial impact on our environment. Even more improbably, we were sitting next to each other inside Vatican City, two of 86 invited participants in the first ever joint meeting between the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences. Though none of us knew it then, the contents of these proceedings, stretched over five days, would go on to form the substance of “Laudato Si,” Pope Francis’ encyclical on the environment published in 2015. With the recent passing of Pope Francis, it seemed appropriate to reflect on my experience at that meeting in the Vatican, and the legacy that Laudato Si has had since.
When I say “improbable,” I’m really referring to my own presence there. It was the spring of 2014, and I had graduated with my Ph.D. in Oceanography the year before. I was the Legislative and Science Director for Citizens’ Climate Lobby, a position I’d started just over a year before. At the time, CCL had about 3,000 members, and our largest D.C. conference to date had attracted perhaps 400 people.
I managed an invitation as an “observer” to this meeting because I asked one of my grad school professors, Dr. Ram Ramanathan, if I could come. It turned out that he was one of the organizers of the conference. When I asked, I had been envisioning the meeting would be something like the rather large scientific conferences I had attended in the past, where individuals would give presentations on their work as part of a themed session, and there would be time to take questions and mingle, and then everyone moved on to the next talk. After the conference, perhaps the proceedings would be published, but that would be about it.
Instead, only 86 people were invited to this conference — 43 speakers, 28 observers, and 15 members of the Pontifical Academies. The list was quite distinguished, including four Nobel laureates, assuming you don’t count all the IPCC authors who shared a portion of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Nothing in my time in academia or in D.C. would have distinguished me sufficiently to attend on my merits alone.
But there I was. As I mentioned, none of us knew that the series of 20-minute talks we listened to and the discussions that followed during 11-hour days would eventually become Laudato Si. As I reviewed the blogs I wrote for CCL at the time, I was struck by the uncertainty of where this was all heading, as well as my own skepticism that any lasting or meaningful result would come of this. Yet, the first time I read Laudato Si, it was immediately obvious that those talks had greatly informed the writing of the document. For many of the talks, it was 1 to 1 — what was said by the invited speakers ended up directly in the encyclical.
To understand its impact, it’s essential to consider the context in which this encyclical was released. It was published in May of 2015. Barack Obama was president, John Boehner was Speaker of the House, and America was already six years removed from the last (unsuccessful) major efforts to arrive at comprehensive climate legislation. On Sept. 17 of that year, Rep. Chris Gibson of New York and 10 of his Republican colleagues submitted what we informally called “the Gibson Resolution” that did indeed say that climate change is real, humans have had an impact, and Congress should act to address this. CCL was a heavy supporter of this effort, and it felt like a big deal.
A week later, Pope Francis addressed the U.S. Congress at the invitation of Speaker Boehner, highlighting messages of stewardship from his groundbreaking encyclical “Laudato Si” earlier that year. CCL took an active part in handing out a copy of Laudato Si to every congressional office ahead of that talk, delivering 540 copies to the Hill. Speaker Boehner wore a green tie, and the next day he announced he was stepping down as Speaker of the House. In 2015, bipartisan action on climate was actually more difficult to believe in than it is now. The contrast is especially sharp when contrasting the modesty of the Gibson Resolution with the Conservative Climate Caucus standing at 69 members, the climate provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) having passed with robust margins in 2021, and 21 House Republicans signing a letter to their own leadership calling to protect the clean energy provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act.
The Paris Climate Agreement would be signed later that year. It has become the bedrock agreement for globally coordinated efforts to address climate change. The UN Millennium Development goals would be renamed “Sustainable Development Goals” at the end of 2015, a fact that was previewed for us in the Vatican in 2014. The caliber of people in the room during these discussions was such that it’s not a stretch at all to imagine such a renaming was entangled with the writing and publication of the encyclical. Achim Steiner, the UNEP Executive Director and under-secretary-general of UN, was a speaker in attendance.
Laudato Si is rather unclear on the topic of a carbon price, but my reading of it is that a carbon tax can pass muster, but a cap-and-trade system is suspect, based on the brief skepticism expressed towards carbon credits. The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a statement of support for the Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act in 2019, which remains on their website. While the U.S. still doesn’t have a carbon price, every other developed economy in the world does have one. The International Maritime Organization just last week voted to place a price on global shipping. Especially since the EU CBAM went into place, adoption of carbon pricing (and border adjustments) around the world is accelerating.
As you might expect, Laudato Si places a strong emphasis on the burden climate change, and the underlying processes driving it, places on the poor. President Biden’s presidency and legislative record are marked by his commitment to environmental justice, most notably the Justice 40 principle that manifested in the way he structured his administration and in the Inflation Reduction Act. Of course, President Biden was only the second Catholic president in U.S. history. Yet, the language of the encyclical and the language of the environmental justice movement in the U.S. strike me as oddly orthogonal. There is less overlap than I’d expect.
Within the Church, progress feels like a slow burn. Curricula have been developed and outreach has been pursued by Catholic organizations such as the Catholic Climate Covenant, whose former Executive Director, Dan Misleh, was a fellow observer with me at the Vatican meeting. However, these have taken a very long time to catch on, and implementation in the U.S. has been patchy. Very anecdotally, as an American Catholic who is in the pews most Sundays, I’ve probably heard a priest mention Laudato Si in a sermon fewer times in the last 10 years than there have been years setting a new temperature record. Last year was the first year to exceed 1.5 degrees C.
What does this all amount to? Within the Church, Laudato Si continues to be a living document that, at least to me, seems to be exerting more influence over time. Globally, Laudato Si was perhaps wind in the sails of the global consciousness ahead of the Paris Climate Agreement, which continues to be a foundational accord to which all subsequent meetings refer back to in global climate negotiations. The commitments it has inspired fall short of its own ambition, but it does continue to inspire ambition. In the United States, Laudato Si perhaps played a significant role in shifting the zeitgeist away from climate denial, and toward hope. Though its major theme is the impact of poor stewardship on the poor, that has not broken through in the United States, at least not in a way that rhymes with the language of the encyclical.
These, at least, are the reflections of someone who was there at the beginning. My friend Paul is no longer with us, having passed in 2021. Walter Munk, the researcher who figured out how the tides worked in time to advise the Allies ahead of the D-Day invasion was also at our table for that lunch has also passed. So too, now, has Pope Francis.
He met us on the last day of the Conference. We waited for 30 minutes for him to arrive, in the Roman sun a stone’s throw from St. Peter’s Basilica. I reflected at the time about how interesting it was to observe what people who had steered the world’s consciousness do when they have 30 minutes to kill. Turns out, they do what other people do. They make idle chit chat, crack jokes, complain, and turn tourist. Underlining the uncertainty of what these five days of effort would yield, the organizers of the conference got to speak to Pope Francis, and they were allowed four sentences. Though such limited interaction fueled my doubts at the time, in light of what has happened since, it’s pretty clear that Pope Francis was always on our side. He wanted that conference to be a success, and he wanted Laudato Si to be a meaningful document that pushed the world toward action. I cannot speak to whether its impact had the effect he hoped it would, but to me at least, it seems as if it has played a positive role in moving the world away from denial, toward action, and toward considering the direct connection between people and the environment, and especially the poor.
Connect with CCL’s Catholic Action Team on CCL Community.
The post Reflecting on the legacy of Laudato Si appeared first on Citizens' Climate Lobby.
Drought and heatwaves occurring together – known as “compound” events – have “surged” across the world since the early 2000s, a new study shows.
Compound drought and heat events (CDHEs) can have devastating effects, creating the ideal conditions for intense wildfires, such as Australia’s “Black Summer” of 2019-20 where bushfires burned 24m hectares and killed 33 people.
The research, published in Science Advances, finds that the increase in CDHEs is predominantly being driven by events that start with a heatwave.
The global area affected by such “heatwave-led” compound events has more than doubled between 1980-2001 and 2002-23, the study says.
The rapid increase in these events over the last 23 years cannot be explained solely by global warming, the authors note.
Since the late 1990s, feedbacks between the land and the atmosphere have become stronger, making heatwaves more likely to trigger drought conditions, they explain.
One of the study authors tells Carbon Brief that societies must pay greater attention to compound events, which can “cause severe impacts on ecosystems, agriculture and society”.
Compound events
CDHEs are extreme weather events where drought and heatwave conditions occur simultaneously – or shortly after each other – in the same region.
These events are often triggered by large-scale weather patterns, such as “blocking” highs, which can produce “prolonged” hot and dry conditions, according to the study.
Prof Sang-Wook Yeh is one of the study authors and a professor at the Ewha Womans University in South Korea. He tells Carbon Brief:
“When heatwaves and droughts occur together, the two hazards reinforce each other through land-atmosphere interactions. This amplifies surface heating and soil moisture deficits, making compound events more intense and damaging than single hazards.”
CDHEs can begin with either a heatwave or a drought.
The sequence of these extremes is important, the study says, as they have different drivers and impacts.
For example, in a CDHE where the heatwave was the precursor, increased direct sunshine causes more moisture loss from soils and plants, leading to a drought.
Conversely, in an event where the drought was the precursor, the lack of soil moisture means that less of the sun’s energy goes into evaporation and more goes into warming the Earth’s surface. This produces favourable conditions for heatwaves.
The study shows that the majority of CDHEs globally start out as a drought.
In recent years, there has been increasing focus on these events due to the devastating impact they have on agriculture, ecosystems and public health.
In Russia in the summer of 2010, a compound drought-heatwave event – and the associated wildfires – caused the death of nearly 55,000 people, the study notes.
The record-breaking Pacific north-west “heat dome” in 2021 triggered extreme drought conditions that caused “significant declines” in wheat yields, as well as in barley, canola and fruit production in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, says the study.
Increasing events
To assess how CDHEs are changing, the researchers use daily reanalysis data to identify droughts and heatwaves events. (Reanalysis data combines past observations with climate models to create a historical climate record.) Then, using an algorithm, they analyse how these events overlap in both time and space.
The study covers the period from 1980 to 2023 and the world’s land surface, excluding polar regions where CDHEs are rare.
The research finds that the area of land affected by CDHEs has “increased substantially” since the early 2000s.
Heatwave-led events have been the main contributor to this increase, the study says, with their spatial extent rising 110% between 1980-2001 and 2002-23, compared to a 59% increase for drought-led events.
The map below shows the global distribution of CDHEs over 1980-2023. The charts show the percentage of the land surface affected by a heatwave-led CDHE (red) or a drought-led CDHE (yellow) in a given year (left) and relative increase in each CDHE type (right).
The study finds that CDHEs have occurred most frequently in northern South America, the southern US, eastern Europe, central Africa and south Asia.
Threshold passed
The authors explain that the increase in heatwave-led CDHEs is related to rising global temperatures, but that this does not tell the whole story.
In the earlier 22-year period of 1980-2001, the study finds that the spatial extent of heatwave-led CDHEs rises by 1.6% per 1C of global temperature rise. For the more-recent period of 2022-23, this increases “nearly eightfold” to 13.1%.
The change suggests that the rapid increase in the heatwave-led CDHEs occurred after the global average temperature “surpasse[d] a certain temperature threshold”, the paper says.
This threshold is an absolute global average temperature of 14.3C, the authors estimate (based on an 11-year average), which the world passed around the year 2000.
Investigating the recent surge in heatwave-leading CDHEs further, the researchers find a “regime shift” in land-atmosphere dynamics “toward a persistently intensified state after the late 1990s”.
In other words, the way that drier soils drive higher surface temperatures, and vice versa, is becoming stronger, resulting in more heatwave-led compound events.
Daily data
The research has some advantages over other previous studies, Yeh says. For instance, the new work uses daily estimations of CDHEs, compared to monthly data used in past research. This is “important for capturing the detailed occurrence” of these events, says Yeh.
He adds that another advantage of their study is that it distinguishes the sequence of droughts and heatwaves, which allows them to “better understand the differences” in the characteristics of CDHEs.
Dr Meryem Tanarhte is a climate scientist at the University Hassan II in Morocco, and Dr Ruth Cerezo Mota is a climatologist and a researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Both scientists, who were not involved in the study, agree that the daily estimations give a clearer picture of how CDHEs are changing.
Cerezo-Mota adds that another major contribution of the study is its global focus. She tells Carbon Brief that in some regions, such as Mexico and Africa, there is a lack of studies on CDHEs:
“Not because the events do not occur, but perhaps because [these regions] do not have all the data or the expertise to do so.”
However, she notes that the reanalysis data used by the study does have limitations with how it represents rainfall in some parts of the world.
Compound impacts
The study notes that if CDHEs continue to intensify – particularly events where heatwaves are the precursors – they could drive declining crop productivity, increased wildfire frequency and severe public health crises.
These impacts could be “much more rapid and severe as global warming continues”, Yeh tells Carbon Brief.
Tanarhte notes that these events can be forecasted up to 10 days ahead in many regions. Furthermore, she says, the strongest impacts can be prevented “through preparedness and adaptation”, including through “water management for agriculture, heatwave mitigation measures and wildfire mitigation”.
The study recommends reassessing current risk management strategies for these compound events. It also suggests incorporating the sequences of drought and heatwaves into compound event analysis frameworks “to enhance climate risk management”.
Cerezo-Mota says that it is clear that the world needs to be prepared for the increased occurrence of these events. She tells Carbon Brief:
“These [risk assessments and strategies] need to be carried out at the local level to understand the complexities of each region.”
The post Heatwaves driving recent ‘surge’ in compound drought and heat extremes appeared first on Carbon Brief.
Heatwaves driving recent ‘surge’ in compound drought and heat extremes
Greenhouse Gases
DeBriefed 6 March 2026: Iran energy crisis | China climate plan | Bristol’s ‘pioneering’ wind turbine
Welcome to Carbon Brief’s DeBriefed.
An essential guide to the week’s key developments relating to climate change.
This week
Energy crisis
ENERGY SPIKE: US-Israeli attacks on Iran and subsequent counterattacks across the Middle East have sent energy prices “soaring”, according to Reuters. The newswire reported that the region “accounts for just under a third of global oil production and almost a fifth of gas”. The Guardian noted that shipping traffic through the strait of Hormuz, which normally ferries 20% of the world’s oil, “all but ground to a halt”. The Financial Times reported that attacks by Iran on Middle East energy facilities – notably in Qatar – triggered the “biggest rise in gas prices since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine”.
‘RISK’ AND ‘BENEFITS’: Bloomberg reported on increases in diesel prices in Europe and the US, speculating that rising fuel costs could be “a risk for president Donald Trump”. US gas producers are “poised to benefit from the big disruption in global supply”, according to CNBC. Indian government sources told the Economic Times that Russia is prepared to “fulfil India’s energy demands”. China Daily quoted experts who said “China’s energy security remains fundamentally unshaken”, thanks to “emergency stockpiles and a wide array of import channels”.
‘ESSENTIAL’ RENEWABLES: Energy analysts said governments should cut their fossil-fuel reliance by investing in renewables, “rather than just seeking non-Gulf oil and gas suppliers”, reported Climate Home News. This message was echoed by UK business secretary Peter Kyle, who said “doubling down on renewables” was “essential” amid “regional instability”, according to the Daily Telegraph.
China’s climate plan
PEAK COAL?: China has set out its next “five-year plan” at the annual “two sessions” meeting of the National People’s Congress, including its climate strategy out to 2030, according to the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post. The plan called for China to cut its carbon emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 17% from 2026 to 2030, which “may allow for continued increase in emissions given the rate of GDP growth”, reported Reuters. The newswire added that the plan also had targets to reach peak coal in the next five years and replace 30m tonnes per year of coal with renewables.
ACTIVE YET PRUDENT: Bloomberg described the new plan as “cautious”, stating that it “frustrat[es] hopes for tighter policy that would drive the nation to peak carbon emissions well before president Xi Jinping’s 2030 deadline”. Carbon Brief has just published an in-depth analysis of the plan. China Daily reported that the strategy “highlights measures to promote the climate targets of peaking carbon dioxide emissions before 2030”, which China said it would work towards “actively yet prudently”.
Around the world
- EU RULES: The European Commission has proposed new “made in Europe” rules to support domestic low-carbon industries, “against fierce competition from China”, reported Agence France-Presse. Carbon Brief examined what it means for climate efforts.
- RECORD HEAT: The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has said there is a 50-60% chance that the El Niño weather pattern could return this year, amplifying the effect of global warming and potentially driving temperatures to “record highs”, according to Euronews.
- FLAGSHIP FUND: The African Development Bank’s “flagship clean energy fund” plans to more than double its financing to $2.5bn for African renewables over the next two years, reported the Associated Press.
- NO WITHDRAWAL: Vanuatu has defied US efforts to force the Pacific-island nation to drop a UN draft resolution calling on the world to implement a landmark International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling on climate, according to the Guardian.
98
The number of nations that submitted their national reports on tackling nature loss to the UN on time – just half of the 196 countries that are part of the UN biodiversity treaty – according to analysis by Carbon Brief.
Latest climate research
- Sea levels are already “much higher than assumed” in most assessments of the threat posed by sea-level rise, due to “inadequate” modelling assumptions | Nature
- Accelerating human-caused global warming could see the Paris Agreement’s 1.5C limit crossed before 2030 | Geophysical Research Letters covered by Carbon Brief
- Future “super El Niño events” could “significantly lower” solar power generation due to a reduction in solar irradiance in key regions, such as California and east China | Communications Earth & Environment
(For more, see Carbon Brief’s in-depth daily summaries of the top climate news stories on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday.)
Captured
UK greenhouse gas emissions in 2025 fell to 54% below 1990 levels, the baseline year for its legally binding climate goals, according to new Carbon Brief analysis. Over the same period, data from the World Bank shows that the UK’s economy has expanded by 95%, meaning that emissions have been decoupling from growth.
Spotlight
Bristol’s ‘pioneering’ community wind turbine
Following the recent launch of the UK government’s local power plan, Carbon Brief visits one of the country’s community-energy success stories.
The Lawrence Weston housing estate is set apart from the main city of Bristol, wedged between the tree-lined grounds of a stately home and a sprawl of warehouses and waste incinerators. It is one of the most deprived areas in the city.
Yet, just across the M5 motorway stands a structure that has brought the spoils of the energy transition directly to this historically forgotten estate – a 4.2 megawatt (MW) wind turbine.
The turbine is owned by local charity Ambition Lawrence Weston and all the profits from its electricity sales – around £100,000 a year – go to the community. In the UK’s local power plan, it was singled out by energy secretary Ed Miliband as a “pioneering” project.
‘Sustainable income’
On a recent visit to the estate by Carbon Brief, Ambition Lawrence Weston’s development manager, Mark Pepper, rattled off the story behind the wind turbine.
In 2012, Pepper and his team were approached by the Bristol Energy Cooperative with a chance to get a slice of the income from a new solar farm. They jumped at the opportunity.
“Austerity measures were kicking in at the time,” Pepper told Carbon Brief. “We needed to generate an income. Our own, sustainable income.”
With the solar farm proving to be a success, the team started to explore other opportunities. This began a decade-long process that saw them navigate the Conservative government’s “ban” on onshore wind, raise £5.5m in funding and, ultimately, erect the turbine in 2023.
Today, the turbine generates electricity equivalent to Lawrence Weston’s 3,000 households and will save 87,600 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) over its lifetime.
‘Climate by stealth’
Ambition Lawrence Weston’s hub is at the heart of the estate and the list of activities on offer is seemingly endless: birthday parties, kickboxing, a library, woodworking, help with employment and even a pop-up veterinary clinic. All supported, Pepper said, with the help of a steady income from community-owned energy.
The centre itself is kitted out with solar panels, heat pumps and electric-vehicle charging points, making it a living advertisement for the net-zero transition. Pepper noted that the organisation has also helped people with energy costs amid surging global gas prices.
Gesturing to the England flags dangling limply on lamp posts visible from the kitchen window, he said:
“There’s a bit of resentment around immigration and scarcity of materials and provision, so we’re trying to do our bit around community cohesion.”
This includes supper clubs and an interfaith grand