As it passes its midway point, 2025 is on track to be the second or third warmest year on record, Carbon Brief analysis shows.
However, it is very unlikely to beat 2024 as the hottest year.
This is not surprising, as 2024’s record temperatures were boosted by a strong El Niño event that has now faded.
The analysis also finds there is a less than 10% chance that average temperatures in 2025 will be more than 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.
However, with long-term warming trending strongly upward and, potentially, accelerating, the world is expected to firmly pass the Paris Agreement 1.5C target – which refers to long-term warming, rather than annual temperatures – in the next five years.
In this latest state of the climate quarterly update, Carbon Brief finds:
- So far, 2025 has seen record warm temperatures in January, the third warmest February and June and the second warmest monthly temperatures for March through May on record.
- The world, as a whole, has warmed approximately 1.1C since 1970 – and around 1.4C since the mid-1800s.
- Neutral El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions are expected to persist for the remainder of the year and into 2025.
- Arctic sea ice extent hit record low levels for much of June and into early July – and remains well below the historical range (1979-2010).
Second-warmest first six months of the year
In this assessment, Carbon Brief analyses records from five different research groups that report global surface temperature records: NASA, NOAA, Met Office Hadley Centre/UEA, Berkeley Earth and Copernicus/ECMWF.
These records are combined into an aggregate that reflects a single best-estimate, following the approach used by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
The first six months of 2025 have been very warm, each of them coming in the top-three warmest on record across all the different scientific groups that report on global surface temperatures. This is despite the presence of moderate La Niña conditions in the tropical Pacific at the start of the year, which typically suppress global temperatures.
The table below shows the rank of each month in 2025 relative to all the months since the dataset began (1850 for NOAA, Hadley/UAE and Berkeley Earth, 1880 for NASA, and 1940 for Copernicus/ECMWF). Hadley/UAE has been unusually slow in reporting data in 2025 and currently only has global mean surface temperature value available up to February.
It demonstrates how January 2025 was the warmest January on record in the WMO aggregate, March, April and May the second warmest and February and June the third warmest.
| Monthly rank | NASA | NOAA | Hadley/UAE | Berkeley Earth | Copernicus / ECMWF | WMO avg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
| Feb | 3rd | 3rd | 3rd | 3rd | 3rd | 3rd |
| Mar | 2nd | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 2nd | |
| Apr | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | |
| May | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | |
| Jun | 3rd | 3rd | 3rd | 3rd | 3rd |
When combined, the first six months of the year in 2025 were the second warmest first half of the year in the historical record. Temperatures averaged at just 0.08C below the record set in 2024 after the peak of a strong El Niño event, as shown in the figure below.
When combined, the first six months of the year in 2025 were the second warmest first half of the year in the historical record. Temperatures averaged at just 0.08C below the record set in 2024 after the peak of a strong El Niño event, as shown in the figure below.
Global surface temperature is currently around 1.4C above preindustrial levels – in-line with the best estimate of the human contribution to global warming. Most of this warming – around 1.1C – has happened just since 1970.
However, global surface temperatures have been declining in May, April and June from highs at the beginning of 2025. This is driven in part by continued cooling of sea surface temperatures after an El Niño-driven peak in early 2024, as well as a contribution from short-lived weak La Niña conditions at the start of the year.
The figure below shows a range of different forecast models for ENSO conditions for the rest of this year, produced by different scientific groups. The values shown are sea surface temperature variations in the tropical Pacific – known as the El Niño 3.4 region – for overlapping three-month periods.
Neutral ENSO conditions are expected to persist through the start of 2026 in most models, with a handful of models showing a return to weak La Niña conditions (defined as El Niño 3.4 region sea surface temperatures under-0.5C) in the autumn and winter months. No models expect the development of El Niño conditions in 2025 and early 2026.
On track to be the second or third warmest year
Carbon Brief has created a projection of what the final global average temperature for 2025 will likely be by looking at the relationship between January-June temperatures and the annual average for each year since 1970. The projection also takes into account ENSO conditions in the first six months of the year and their projected development.
The analysis includes the estimated uncertainty in 2025 outcomes, given that temperature averages from only the first quarter of the year are available so far.
The chart below shows the expected range of 2025 temperatures using the WMO aggregate – including a best-estimate (red) and year-to-date value (yellow). Temperatures are shown with respect to the pre-industrial baseline period (1850-1900).
Carbon Brief’s projection suggests that 2025 is virtually certain to be one of the top-three warmest years on record, with a best-estimate suggesting that global average temperatures will be approximately equal to 2023.
Currently, there is a less than 1% chance of 2025 being the warmest year on record, a 51% chance of it being the second warmest and a 49% chance of it being the third warmest. There is a roughly 9% chance that 2025 annual temperatures will exceed 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.
(A single year exceeding 1.5C is not equivalent to a breach of the Paris Agreement goal to limit temperature increases to 1.5C, which has been widely interpreted to mean temperature averages over 20 years.)
The figure below shows Carbon Brief’s estimate of 2025 temperatures using the WMO aggregate, both at the beginning of the year and once each month’s data has come in. The estimate jumped notably after 2025 saw the warmest January on record, but has been relatively stable over the past six months.
Record or near-record warmth in many regions
While global average temperatures are an important indicator of changes to the broader climate system over time as a result of human activities, these impacts will differ as some regions experience more rapid warming or extreme heat events than is reflected in the global average.
The figure below shows the temperature anomalies for the first six months of the year relative to the 1951-1980 baseline period used by Berkeley Earth. Virtually the whole planet except a small area off the coast of Baja Mexico and in Antarctica saw temperatures warmer than that baseline, with much of Europe and Asia around 2C warmer than the 1951-1980 period.
A number of areas saw record warm temperatures over January through to June in the Berkeley Earth dataset, compared to all prior years since the global temperature record began in 1850.
The figure below shows areas of record warm temperatures in dark red; there were no areas with record – or even top-five – cool temperatures. (For more, read Carbon Brief’s factcheck on how climate change is not making extreme cold more common).
Notable areas of record warmth include much of China, south-west Australia and the Mediterranean region. Western Europe, in general, was quite warm, though most land areas did not see a new record set. Overall, approximately 7% of the surface saw record warming in the first six months of the year.
In June, the western Mediterranean saw particularly exceptional warmth, as shown in the figure below. This marine heatwave was driven by a combination of short-term natural variability on top of the long-term warming trend in the region.
The temperature increase in the western Mediterranean region in July – relative to the long-term warming trend – represents the largest short-term increase in temperatures for the region since June 2003, which was a precursor to a devastating heatwave that is believed to have killed 70,000 people.
Record-low Arctic sea ice extent in June
Arctic sea ice extent saw record lows for much of June 2025 and early July, moving out of record territory in mid-July, but remaining far below the historical range (1979-2010).
Antarctic sea ice extent has been at the low end of the historical range for much of the year, but has not set new records aside from a brief period in late February and early March.
The figure below shows both Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extent in 2025 (solid red and blue lines), the historical range in the record between 1979 and 2010 (shaded areas) and the record lows (dotted black line).
Unlike global temperature records, which only report monthly averages, sea ice data is collected and updated on a daily basis, allowing sea ice extent to be viewed up to the present.
However, this dataset – which has been continuously measured by satellites and assembled by the US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) since 1979 – may soon be less available.
The US Department of Defence is planning to cease provision of satellite sea ice extent data to the NSIDC at the end of July. While some other satellite instruments can be used to help fill in the gaps, the change will degrade the scientific ability to effectively track this key climate variable.
The post State of the climate: 2025 on track to be second or third warmest year on record appeared first on Carbon Brief.
State of the climate: 2025 on track to be second or third warmest year on record
The governor’s office said the city’s two main reservoirs could dry up by May, much sooner than previous timelines. But authorities still offer no plan for curtailment of water use.
City officials in Corpus Christi on Tuesday released modeling that showed emergency cuts to water demand could be required as soon as May as reservoir levels continue to decline.
Corpus Christi Cuts Timeline to Disaster as Abbott Issues Emergency Orders
Lena Luig is the head of the International Agricultural Policy Division at the Heinrich Böll Foundation, a member of the Global Alliance for the Future of Food. Anna Lappé is the Executive Director of the Global Alliance for the Future of Food.
As toxic clouds loom over Tehran and Beirut from the US and Israel’s bombardment of oil depots and civilian infrastructure in the region’s ongoing war, the world is once again witnessing the not-so-subtle connections between conflict, hunger, food insecurity and the vulnerability of global food systems dependent on fossil fuels, dominated by a few powerful countries and corporations.
The conflict in Iran is having a huge impact on the world’s fertilizer supply. The Strait of Hormuz is a critical trade route in the region for nearly half of the global supply of urea, the main synthetic fertilizer derived from natural gas through the conversion of ammonia.
With the Strait impacted by Iran’s blockades, prices of urea have shot up by 35% since the war started, just as planting season starts in many parts of the world, putting millions of farmers and consumers at risk of increasing production costs and food price spikes, resulting in food insecurity, particularly for low-income households. The World Food Programme has projected that an extra 45 million people would be pushed into acute hunger because of rises in food, oil and shipping costs, if the war continues until June.
Pesticides and synthetic fertilizer leave system fragile
On the face of it, this looks like a supply chain issue, but at the core of this crisis lies a truth about many of our food systems around the world: the instability and injustice in the very design of systems so reliant on these fossil fuel inputs for our food.
At the Global Alliance, a strategic alliance of philanthropic foundations working to transform food systems, we have been documenting the fossil fuel-food nexus, raising alarm about the fragility of a system propped up by fossil fuels, with 15% of annual fossil fuel use going into food systems, in part because of high-cost, fossil fuel-based inputs like pesticides and synthetic fertilizer. The Heinrich Böll Foundation has also been flagging this threat consistently, most recently in the Pesticide Atlas and Soil Atlas compendia.
We’ve seen this before: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 sparked global disruptions in fertilizer supply and food price volatility. As the conflict worsened, fertilizer prices spiked – as much from input companies capitalizing on the crisis for speculation as from real cost increases from production and transport – triggering a food price crisis around the world.
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Since then, fertilizer industry profit margins have continued to soar. In 2022, the largest nine fertilizer producers increased their profit margins by more than 35% compared to the year before—when fertilizer prices were already high. As Lena Bassermann and Dr. Gideon Tups underscore in the Heinrich Böll Foundation’s Soil Atlas, the global dependencies of nitrogen fertilizer impacted economies around the world, especially state budgets in already indebted and import-dependent economies, as well as farmers across Africa.
Learning lessons from the war in Ukraine, many countries invested heavily in renewable energy and/or increased domestic oil production as a way to decrease dependency on foreign fossil fuels. But few took the same approach to reimagining domestic food systems and their food sovereignty.
Agroecology as an alternative
There is another way. Governments can adopt policy frameworks to encourage reductions in synthetic fertilizer and pesticide use, especially in regions that currently massively overuse nitrogen fertilizer. At the African Union fertilizer and Soil Health Summit in 2024, African leaders at least agreed that organic fertilizers should be subsidized as well, not only mineral fertilizers, but we can go farther in actively promoting agricultural pathways that reduce fossil fuel dependency.
In 2024, the Global Alliance organized dozens of philanthropies to call for a tenfold increase in investments to help farmers transition from fossil fuel dependency towards agroecological approaches that prioritize livelihoods, health, climate, and biodiversity.
In our research, we detail the huge opportunity to repurpose harmful subsidies currently supporting inputs like synthetic fertilizer and pesticides towards locally-sourced bio-inputs and biofertilizer production. We know this works: There are powerful stories of hope and change from those who have made this transition, despite only receiving a fraction of the financing that industrial agriculture receives, with evidence of benefits from stable incomes and livelihoods to better health and climate outcomes.
New summit in Colombia seeks to revive stalled UN talks on fossil fuel transition
Inspiring examples abound: G-BIACK in Kenya is training farmers how to produce their own high-quality compost; start-ups like the Evola Company in Cambodia are producing both nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and protein-rich animal feed with black soldier fly farming; Sabon Sake in Ghana is enriching sugarcane bagasse – usually organic waste – with microbial agents and earthworms to turn it into a rich vermicompost.
These efforts, grounded in ecosystems and tapping nature for soil fertility and to manage pest pressures, are just some of the countless examples around the world, tapping the skill and knowledge of millions of farmers. On a national and global policy level, the Agroecology Coalition, with 480+ members, including governments, civil society organizations, academic institutions, and philanthropic foundations, is supporting a transition toward agroecology, working with natural systems to produce abundant food, boost biodiversity, and foster community well-being.
Fertilizer industry spins “clean” products
We must also inoculate ourselves from the fertilizer industry’s public relations spin, which includes promoting the promise that their products can be produced without heavy reliance on fossil fuels. Despite experts debunking the viability of what the industry has dubbed “green hydrogen” or “green or clean ammonia”, the sector still promotes this narrative, arguing that these are produced with resource-intensive renewable energy or Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), a costly and unreliable technology for reducing emissions.
As we mourn this conflict’s senseless destruction and death, including hundreds of children, we also recognize that peace cannot mean a return to business-as-usual. We need to upend the systems that allow the richest and most powerful to have dominion over so much.
This includes fighting for a food system that is based on genuine sovereignty and justice, free from dependency on fossil fuels, one that honors natural systems and puts power into the hands of communities and food producers themselves.
The post Middle East war is another wake-up call for fossil fuel-reliant food systems appeared first on Climate Home News.
Middle East war is another wake-up call for fossil fuel-reliant food systems
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