Kristin Qui is a climate negotiator from Trinidad and Tobago and a former member of the Article 6.4 Supervisory Body which developed the UN carbon market standards.

I became a climate negotiator because the place I call home, Trinidad and Tobago, is under threat from climate change. The Paris Agreement and the 1.5°C temperature goal were necessary for the survival of small island states like mine.

When I first got involved in UN climate negotiations in 2017, the rules for a global carbon market under the Paris Agreement were still taking shape.

My role then was as an outsider to the process. I was focused on ensuring that carbon credits could not be double-counted – a flaw of the previous Kyoto Protocol system that many of us were determined to reform.

COP29 Bulletin Day 1: Carbon market rules adopted, US reassures on emissions

We wanted this new UN carbon market to lead to real reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, making it easier to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement. My focus was on ensuring that strong environmental and social protections were central to the new system.

That’s why I’ve spent the last three years as a technical expert on a UN body developing this market, in addition to my day job. I’ve sacrificed precious time with my newborn son to make sure that projects reducing emissions under this market operate under robust safeguards for communities and the environment.

This time, we had to get it right. This meant setting mandatory checks for projects against strong environmental and human rights protections.

Protecting Indigenous rights

The safeguards we’ve established, under what we call the “Sustainable Development Tool”, require projects to follow both local laws and international standards. This dual approach ensures comprehensive protection, respecting local customs while adhering to global best practices.

Indigenous rights are central to these safeguards. They require projects to contribute positively to Indigenous communities, ensuring respect for their dignity and well-being. Negative impacts on health or safety must be avoided — this isn’t optional, it’s mandatory.

Kristin Qui (middle) takes part in Article 6 negotiations.

One of the strongest protections for Indigenous Peoples is the requirement for Free, Prior, and Informed Consent. This means no project can go ahead without explicit, informed agreement from Indigenous Peoples. It isn’t just a box to tick — it’s a meaningful and ongoing dialogue that respects cultural protocols. Indigenous communities have the right to say “no”, and that right is non-negotiable.

The checks we’ve put in place look at the different ways projects might affect people and the environment, to make sure no harm is done. They also help us clearly measure how these projects contribute to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Extensive rule-making process

Developing these safeguards took three years. There were moments of frustration, times I wished we could move faster. But now, I see the value in this thorough process. We have built safeguards that represent a real improvement on past systems.

Those three years weren’t wasted. During that time, we looked at lessons learned both from the UN and other carbon market standards. We drew extensively on feedback from experts and stakeholders, pouring countless hours into discussion and review.

Without this process of hearing each other out, we can’t make real progress on a complex, global problem like climate change. There is a value to this process – I have seen it first-hand.

Is COP29 “breakthrough” on UN carbon market all it seems?

Many developing countries and small island states like mine are already facing the harsh realities of unchecked climate change. That’s why it has been so important for us to develop a new system under carbon markets that paves the way for more ambitious goals.

But this must never come at the expense of the environment or human rights. I am confident that the protections I’ve helped build will not only defend these rights but also drive sustainable development and deliver benefits to local communities across the globe.

I still believe in the power of our process.

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New UN carbon market standards are a step change in protecting people and planet