- Formal negotiations
- Finance
- Global review
- Global report
- Digital sequence information
- Harmful subsidies
- Marine biodiversity
- Planning, monitoring, reporting and review
- Article 8(j) implementation
- Biodiversity and climate change
- Links with other bodies
- Around the COP
- Armenian presidency
- Protests
- Lobbying and influence
- Carbon and biodiversity markets
Welcome to Carbon Brief’s DeBriefed.
An essential guide to the week’s key developments relating to climate change.
This week
Deadly flooding
VALENCIA FLOODS: Spain is facing its worst flooding “in generations”, with more than 158 people killed in its third-largest city, Valencia, BBC News reported. On Thursday, more than 1,200 emergency staff worked to rescue people “as rains continued to threaten parts of the country”, the broadcaster said. An editorial in Spanish newspaper El País described the event as “a painful reminder that Spain is on one of the front lines of the climate crisis”.
CLIMATE ATTRIBUTION: The Associated Press reported that, according to a “rapid but partial” attribution study by World Weather Attribution, climate change “made Spain’s rainfall about 12% heavier and doubled the likelihood of a storm as intense as this week’s deluge of Valencia”. The Financial Times reported that sea surface temperatures “far above normal levels” in the Mediterranean helped to fuel the storm.
NEW DANGER: Meanwhile, Tropical Storm Trami has triggered devastating floods and landslides in the Philippines, CNN reported. The outlet quoted president Ferdinand Marcos, who said: “This is climate change. This is all new, so we have to come up with new solutions.” Authorities have reported at least 150 deaths due to the storm and a subsequent typhoon that has struck the region, according to the Philippine Star. Meanwhile, Taiwan also faced its largest typhoon in decades, the Guardian reported.
UK climate plans
CLEAN ENERGY BOOST: The first budget of the new UK Labour government contained plans to “beef up” investment in its “clean energy mission”, BusinessGreen reported. The website pointed to new fiscal rules to boost public spending on “green infrastructure”, plus investment in carbon capture and storage (CCS), green hydrogen and electric car supply chains.
GREEN BUDGET?: The Guardian said “reactions were mixed” on how “green” the budget was. The newspaper noted that, despite higher taxes on air passengers, the government was criticised for maintaining a “freeze” on fuel duty for petrol and diesel and loosening a cap on the price of bus tickets. Carbon Brief has published a rundown of the budget’s key climate and energy announcements.
NEW GOAL: Meanwhile, the UK government’s climate adviser the Climate Change Committee (CCC) has recommended that the nation should make an international pledge to cut its emissions to 81% below 1990 levels by 2035, according to the Press Association. The advice aligns with the UK’s existing domestic target, the Financial Times added. Carbon Brief covered the CCC’s advice, which will influence the target the UK is expected to present at the upcoming COP29 climate summit.
Around the world
- BAD RECORD: Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached “record” levels in 2023, with carbon dioxide (CO2) at a concentration last seen a few million years ago, according to new World Meteorological Organization figures covered by BBC News.
- NO DEAL: The EU has imposed tariffs on Chinese-made electric vehicles after China failed to secure a deal to halt their passage, according to the South China Morning Post. In response, Reuters reported that China has told carmakers to halt big investments in European countries that support the tariffs, including France and Italy.
- RISING SEAS: At a meeting in Samoa, Commonwealth nations agreed on an “ocean declaration”, which recognised existing maritime boundaries in nations that lose land to sea-level rise, according to the Associated Press.
- FAKE COP: “Apparently fake” social media accounts are being used to boost Azerbaijan’s hosting of COP29, according to a Global Witness investigation reported by the Guardian. The accounts have been drowning out online criticism of the nation’s poor record on human rights, it added.
8.3%
The proportion by which EU greenhouse gas emissions fell in the past year – the sharpest drop since the pandemic, but “still not on track” for its climate targets, reported EuroNews.
Latest climate research
- A new study in the journal npj Climate and Atmospheric Science suggested that more than half of the 60,000 deaths caused by Europe’s summer heatwave of 2022 can be attributed to global warming.
- A global area of forest bigger than Mexico has the potential for natural forest restoration, which could store more than 23bn tonnes of carbon over the course of three decades, according to new research published in Nature.
- Only one in seven news articles published in the English-language press in India about a 2022 heatwave mentioned the links to climate change, new research in Environmental Communication found. The figure was even lower for articles written in Hindi, Telugu and Marathi, it added.
(For more, see Carbon Brief’s in-depth daily summaries of the top climate news stories on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday.)
Captured
Additions of new solar and wind generating capacity in China continue to break last year’s records, according to new analysis for Carbon Brief by Lauri Myllyvirta, lead analyst at the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. The growth in China’s solar-power output this year alone is on track to equal the total power generation of Australia or Vietnam in 2023, based on growth rates during the first nine months of the year. The wider analysis by Myllyvirta found that China’s emissions remained flat in the third quarter of the year, leaving open the possibility that its emissions could drop in 2024.
Spotlight
Coming to consensus in Cali?
This week, Carbon Brief reports on the ground in Cali, Colombia, as the COP16 biodiversity talks inch towards their finale.
Tensions are running high and energy is running low as COP16 nears its end, with plenary sessions dragging on long into the nights.
Connectivity issues have plagued the two weeks of the summit, with WiFi signals shaky at best. Translation services have also proven cumbersome in both negotiating rooms and the press centre. Countries with small delegations have complained of being forced to prioritise certain negotiation tracks, while being shut out of others due to a lack of capacity.
Rather than coming towards consensus in the summit’s final days, observers tell Carbon Brief, countries are seemingly entrenching their positions even further.
In a statement shared with Carbon Brief, Oscar Soria, an activist with the Common Initiative and a veteran COP-goer, said:
“What we are seeing at this COP is an unprecedented high level of distrust between developing and developed countries.”
With the talks scheduled to end on Friday, Carbon Brief analysis shows that there are still nearly 700 brackets denoting areas of disagreement remaining in the decision texts. (Biodiversity COPs tend to run over their scheduled finish time.)
Below are four of the key issues negotiators are tasked with addressing – and how progress has been made on each.
Finance
Negotiations around finance at COP16 fall under two tracks: mobilising funds; and the financial mechanism for disbursing them.
Developing countries are unsatisfied with a decision at COP15 to create a Global Biodiversity Framework Fund – hosted at the Global Environment Facility in the US – and would rather see a fund that is governed by the COP itself, while developed countries want to maintain the status quo.
On resource mobilisation, money has been slow to trickle in, with additional pledges made at the summit towards the new fund totalling just $163m.
Carbon Brief understands that it is looking increasingly likely that parties will agree to revisit the issue during intersessional meetings next year.
Digital sequence information
The use of genetic resources, known as digital sequence information (DSI), is one of the key issues at COP16 – and is tied in closely to the fights around finance.
Biodiverse countries, many of whom are in the global south, want mandatory payments from companies that profit from genetic code sourced within their borders (for example, genes that are used in drug development).
Countries with strong pharmaceutical and other industries are pushing for voluntary payments only. As of Thursday evening, both options remained on the table.
Indigenous rights
Another key topic at COP16 is how to recognise the contributions of Indigenous people, who play an outsized role in protecting biodiversity globally.
In Cali, countries have agreed to adopt a programme of work to implement Article 8(j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which deals with respecting and preserving Indigenous knowledge.
However, Indigenous representatives are also calling for negotiators to agree to a new subsidiary body on Article 8(j), with “a mandate to provide advice” to the CBD.
Monitoring framework
In 2022, countries agreed to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, a landmark deal often described as the “Paris Agreement for nature”.
In Cali, negotiators have been tasked with coming up with a set of metrics that can be used to monitor countries’ implementation of the framework.
Discussions so far have been slow, but productive, observers told Carbon Brief.
The framework consists of sets of both mandatory and optional indicators, along with an annex containing technical details.
The general sense is that the monitoring framework that is being negotiated is not perfect, but the need to come to a decision – so countries can monitor their progress ahead of a “stocktake” at the next COP – means parties should agree to the framework here, with a promise to revisit and revise it going forward.
(Carbon Brief will publish a full summary of the COP16 talks after countries reach a deal.)
Watch, read, listen
‘DISTURBING’ PROGRESS: In Cali, the Guardian’s Patrick Greenfield reported on “alarm” raised by experts at a “disturbing” lack of progress at COP16.
AFRICAN ADAPTATION: For African Arguments, two policy experts called for the COP29 climate summit to adopt a clear adaptation goal amid growing climate impacts in Africa.
STOCKTAKE: For BBC Radio 4, environmental journalist Roger Harrabin examined whether the US election of 2000 was “the year we lost climate”.
Coming up
- 4-8 November: 12th session of the World Urban Forum, Cairo, Egypt
- 5 November: US presidential election
- 5 November: UN Environment Programme event on national adaptation plans, online
- 7 November: UN Environment Programme Adaptation Gap Report 2024 launch
Pick of the jobs
- New York Times, climate writer and climate multimedia editor | Salary: $111,050-$125,000 and $111,712-$140,000. Location: New York
- Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, locum associate or senior editor | Salary: $74,000-$91,000. Location: London or New York
- Mayor of London, senior policy and programme officer – climate change mitigation | Salary: £51,029. Location: London
- Norwegian Church Aid and DanChurchAid Joint Country Programme Zambia, senior programme officer, climate and environment stewardship | Salary: Unknown. Location: Lusaka, Zambia
DeBriefed is edited by Daisy Dunne. Please send any tips or feedback to debriefed@carbonbrief.org.
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The post DeBriefed 1 November 2024: Spain’s deadly floods; UK budget ‘mixed’ on climate; Countries inch towards a deal at COP16 appeared first on Carbon Brief.
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Countries have completed the first “global review” of their progress towards reversing nature loss by 2030 at the COP17 biodiversity talks in Yerevan, Armenia.
The review “notes with deep concern” that, unless action is “rapidly accelerated”, the goal to reverse nature loss and meet a set of 23 targets by 2030 “will not be achieved”.
It “urges” countries to accelerate action, including by “increased ambition in addressing the gaps”.
Much of the discussions in Yerevan focused on how to raise the necessary funds to help developing countries protect nature.
Some major economies pushed to expand the range of nations that are expected to provide finance, with countries agreeing at the end of the two weeks of talks that non-donors that want to contribute can “signal interest” before COP18.
This came after developed countries failed to meet a target to significantly ramp up nature finance over the last few years.
It also came as a landmark fund agreed at COP16 in Colombia to pay communities for the genetic resources derived from nature stands nearly empty two years on.
The Yerevan talks marked the halfway point of the “Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework” (GBF), the “Paris Agreement for nature” first made in 2022 and due to be achieved by 2030.
During the nearly 12-hour-long final plenary, countries voted for Quito, Ecuador, to host the COP18 nature talks, which will be held in 2028.
Countries managed to sign off on all the major negotiation texts, marking a stark contrast to COP16, which ran so far over time that the Colombian presidency lost “quorum”, forcing talks to resume in Rome months later.
Below, Carbon Brief has detailed analysis of all of the key outcomes from COP17.
Formal negotiations
Finance
Finance, predictably, was at the heart of the discord and deadlock at the Yerevan talks.
At COP17, discussions on finance had to achieve several outcomes.
The first part – to take stock of biodiversity finance mobilised so far to meet the nature deal’s goals – fell under the global review.
As the global report noted, developed countries failed to meet their commitments to raise “at least $20bn a year by 2025” for nature. Delegates pointed to falling aid levels and a sharp 27% decline in environmental funding for the 2026-30 period.
The second part was to agree on how to mobilise resources for the next four years, to meet the GBF’s goals and targets.
Calls to “broaden the contributor base” of who pays to protect nature – and whether that should include emerging economies – became the most fraught element of the talks.
Eventually, countries agreed on what Switzerland described as a “super, mega-delicate” text. It hinged on major “political compromises”, with “no major winner or loser”, according to Kenya.
Per the decision, countries that want to be included on a list of developed country donors can “signal interest” through bilateral, confidential consultations before COP18 and every alternate COP after.
Finally, countries also agreed on criteria to shape and resource a new, permanent financial mechanism to protect nature after 2030.
However, this did not immediately take the form of a new fund under the COP that biodiverse countries have demanded since 2022, deferring the mechanism’s institutional structure to COP18.
Resource mobilisation discussions at the GBF’s halfway mark were supposed to agree on how to close the “