This year’s COP29 summit will take place in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 11-22. The focus will primarily be on delivering stronger climate finance and advancing a global carbon trading framework.
Interestingly, Bloomberg reported that Bank of America (BofA) has flagged liquidity concerns in carbon markets. It has highlighted the need for transparent and reliable trading standards, which is one of the key agendas of COP29. This is also a consequence of negotiators planning to change the dynamics of the carbon credit market in the future.
Here’s an in-depth look at what’s on the agenda for COP29 and why it matters.
COP29: Setting a New Climate Finance Target
For the first time since 2009, countries will meet at COP29 to reassess the funds required for climate action from developing countries. The decision will create a New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate financing, which will replace the earlier fixed target of $100 billion per annum.
The NCQG aims to build the capacity of vulnerable nations to develop climate resilience and transition to low-carbon growth while protecting their communities from worsening climate impacts.
It’s already palpable that rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and increased costs for adaptation are imposing tremendous stress on developing countries. And this reassessment comes as a blessing during such inclement times.
Once there is mutual agreement on these issues, it will lay the foundation for carbon trading. This standardization will tackle liquidity challenges and broaden access to this facility for both developing and developed nations.
Bank of America Weighs in on Article 6.4 for the Future Carbon Credit Market
Article 6 of the Paris Agreement is another “high-stakes” topic to be discussed in COP29. Under this provision, countries are permitted to trade carbon credits with one another. Therefore, countries can meet their climate goals by investing in reducing emissions elsewhere.
For instance, a country rich in forest cover can sell credits generated from protecting its forests to fund its conservation efforts. The purchasing countries can then count these reductions toward their climate targets.
Negotiators are highly focused on Article 6.4, which sets up a new platform to harmonize carbon credit trading.
Abyd Karmali, Managing Director of ESG & Sustainable Finance at Bank of America, stated that Article 6.4 is vital for the future of the carbon credit market. He noted that this is a critical market and clear, legally binding standards are essential to ensure the carbon market supports emissions reduction goals.
Karmali is also an esteemed delegate who will be monitoring talks at the COP29 climate summit.
International carbon trading under Article 6, unlike the voluntary carbon market (VCM), will be subject to strict international oversight. These standards will help avoid some of the fraud and “greenwashing” charges that have plagued the voluntary markets and create a better and more trustworthy system for trading emissions reductions.
BloombergNEF’s Take on Carbon Trading
BloombergNEF has pointed out that new standards for carbon credits have boosted efforts to establish a global carbon trading system under the United Nations. However, these new guidelines seem to be weaker than the existing ones.
Even if they receive approval at the upcoming international climate summit in November, significant work remains to fully implement a mechanism that was first proposed in Article 6.4 of the 2015 Paris Agreement. However, experts hope that international standards can revitalize carbon trading and draw companies and governments away from the troubled VCM.
Layla Khanfar, a research associate at BloombergNEF, believes Article 6.4’s potential impact could be significant. She said,
“A finalized deal could lead to supply standardization and improve global liquidity. These are both valuable stepping stones towards a carbon credit market BNEF estimates could be valued at over $1 trillion by 2050.”
Voluntary Carbon Market’s Liquidity Problem
This leaves the VCM itself, in which nearly all corporations currently buy credits to offset their emissions, in deep trouble regarding liquidity.
We discovered from the same Bloomberg report that BofA has approached this market cautiously, citing low trading volumes and persistent accusations of greenwashing. These claims have eroded its credibility. According to MSCI, VCM volumes fell more than 20% last year, dropping to about $1 billion in trades.
Top companies such as Volkswagen, Telstra, and TotalEnergies have utilized the VCM as a method of balancing their emissions.
However, Karmali has said that “there’s simply not enough liquidity” to sustain it as a viable climate tool. He added that over the last two years, the market has experienced a steep decline, making it very difficult for participants to operate within the current systems.
The Transparency Milestone at COP29
COP29 marks the first full implementation of the enhanced transparency framework of the Paris Agreement. In this agreement, countries will have to submit their inaugural biennial transparency reports (BTRs) by the end of the year. These reports will contain details of their climate actions, including emissions reductions, adaptation strategies, and climate finance flows.
Subsequently, the Azerbaijani presidency launched the Baku Global Climate Transparency Platform to support this initiative. Notably, this platform particularly helps countries who are less familiar with climate reporting.
Transparent reporting will hold countries accountable and serve as a reliable resource for policymakers and stakeholders. The information in BTRs will be crucial for evaluating national climate commitments and identifying gaps in global action.
We expect COP29 will present an outstanding opportunity for a more sustainable and resilient future. Major emitters are stepping up with strong commitments, and financial institutions like Bank of America are backing these efforts. By encouraging collaboration and transparency, COP29 has all the potential to drive meaningful progress in carbon markets and climate finance.
Sources:
- BofA Calls Out Liquidity Barriers as Bankers Await CO2 Deal – BNN Bloomberg
- What to Expect at the 2024 UN Climate Summit (COP29) | World Resources Institute
The post Bank Of America Flags Liquidity Challenges in Carbon Markets: Will COP29 Usher in a New Era of Climate Finance? appeared first on Carbon Credits.
Carbon Footprint
Bitcoin Falls as Energy Prices Rise: Why Crypto Is Now an Energy Market Story
Bitcoin’s recent drop below $70,000 reflects more than short-term market pressure. It signals a deeper shift. The world’s largest cryptocurrency is becoming increasingly tied to global energy markets.
For years, Bitcoin has moved mainly on investor sentiment, adoption trends, and regulation. Today, another force is shaping its direction: the cost of energy.
As oil prices rise and electricity markets tighten, Bitcoin is starting to behave less like a tech asset and more like an energy-dependent system. This shift is changing how investors, analysts, and policymakers understand crypto.
A Global Power Consumer: Inside Bitcoin’s Energy Use
Bitcoin depends on mining, a process that uses powerful computers to verify transactions. These machines run continuously and consume large amounts of electricity.
Data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration shows Bitcoin mining used between 67 and 240 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity in 2023, with a midpoint estimate of about 120 TWh.

Other estimates place consumption closer to 170 TWh per year in 2025. This accounts for roughly 0.5% of global electricity demand. Recently, as of February 2026, estimates see Bitcoin’s energy use reaching over 200 TWh per year.
That level of energy use is significant. Global electricity demand reached about 27,400 TWh in 2023. Bitcoin’s share may seem small, but it is comparable to the power use of mid-sized countries.
The network also requires steady power. Estimates suggest it draws around 10 gigawatts continuously, similar to several large power plants operating at full capacity. This constant demand makes energy costs central to Bitcoin’s economics.
When Oil Rises, Bitcoin Falls
Bitcoin mining is highly sensitive to electricity prices. Energy is the highest operating cost for miners. When power becomes more expensive, profit margins shrink.
Recent market movements show this link clearly. As oil prices rise and inflation concerns persist, energy costs have increased. At the same time, Bitcoin prices have weakened, falling below the $70,000 level.

This is not a coincidence. Studies show a direct relationship between Bitcoin prices, mining activity, and electricity use. When Bitcoin prices rise, more miners join the network, increasing energy demand. When energy costs rise, less efficient miners may shut down, reducing activity and adding selling pressure.
This creates a feedback loop between crypto and energy markets. Bitcoin is no longer driven only by demand and speculation. It is now influenced by the same forces that affect oil, gas, and power prices.
Cleaner Energy Use Is Growing, but Fossil Fuels Still Matter
Bitcoin’s environmental impact depends on its energy mix. This mix is improving, but it remains uneven.
A 2025 study from the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance found that 52.4% of Bitcoin mining now uses sustainable energy. This includes both renewable sources (42.6%) and nuclear power (9.8%). The share has risen significantly from about 37.6% in 2022.
Despite this progress, fossil fuels still account for a large portion of mining energy. Natural gas alone makes up about 38.2%, while coal continues to contribute a smaller share.

This reliance on fossil fuels keeps emissions high. Current estimates suggest Bitcoin produces more than 114 million tons of carbon dioxide each year. That puts it in line with emissions from some industrial sectors.
The shift toward cleaner energy is real, but it is not complete. The pace of change will play a key role in how Bitcoin fits into global climate goals.
Bitcoin’s Climate Debate Intensifies
Bitcoin’s growing energy demand has placed it at the center of ESG discussions. Its impact is often measured through three key areas:
- Total electricity use, which rivals that of entire countries.
- Carbon emissions are estimated at over 100 million tons of CO₂ annually.
- Energy intensity, with a single transaction using large amounts of power.

At the same time, the industry is evolving. Mining companies are adopting more efficient hardware and exploring new energy sources. Some operations use excess renewable power or capture waste energy, such as flare gas from oil fields.
These efforts show progress, but they do not fully address the concerns. The gap between Bitcoin’s energy use and its environmental impact remains a key issue for investors and regulators.
- MUST READ: Bitcoin Price Hits All-Time High Above $126K: ETFs, Market Drivers, and the Future of Digital Gold
Bitcoin Is Becoming Part of the Energy System
Bitcoin mining is now closely integrated with the broader energy system. Operators often choose locations based on access to cheap or excess electricity. This includes areas with strong renewable generation or underused energy resources.
This integration creates both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, mining can support energy systems by using power that might otherwise go to waste. It can also provide flexible demand that helps stabilize grids.
On the other hand, it can increase pressure on local electricity supplies and extend the use of fossil fuels if cleaner options are not available.
In the United States, Bitcoin mining could account for up to 2.3% of total electricity demand in certain scenarios. This highlights how quickly the sector is scaling and how closely it is tied to national energy systems.
Energy Markets Are Now Key to Bitcoin’s Future
Looking ahead, the connection between Bitcoin and energy is expected to grow stronger. The network’s computing power, or hash rate, continues to reach new highs, which typically leads to higher energy use.
Electricity will remain the main cost for miners. This means Bitcoin will continue to respond to changes in energy prices and supply conditions. At the same time, governments are starting to pay closer attention to crypto’s environmental impact, which could shape future regulations.

Some forecasts suggest Bitcoin’s energy use could rise sharply if adoption increases, potentially reaching up to 400 TWh in extreme scenarios. However, cleaner energy systems could reduce the carbon impact over time.
Bitcoin is no longer just a financial asset. It is also a large-scale energy consumer and a growing part of the global power system.
As a result, understanding Bitcoin now requires a broader view. Energy prices, electricity markets, and carbon trends are becoming just as important as market demand and investor sentiment.
The message is clear. As energy markets move, Bitcoin is likely to move with them.
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Carbon Footprint
LEGO’s Virginia Factory Goes Big on Solar as Net-Zero Push Speeds Up
The post LEGO’s Virginia Factory Goes Big on Solar as Net-Zero Push Speeds Up appeared first on Carbon Credits.
Carbon Footprint
Chanel Reveals First Climate Transition Plan: How the Luxury Giant Aims to Hit Net-Zero
Chanel has unveiled its first comprehensive climate transition plan, charting a clear path to net-zero emissions by 2040. Building on its earlier “Mission 1.5°” strategy, the plan aligns with global climate standards and follows the Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi). This means Chanel must reduce at least 90% of its emissions and remove the remainder.
The move shows a bigger change in luxury brands. They face more pressure from investors, regulators, and customers to take real climate action. Many companies now publish detailed transition plans to show how they intend to meet their net-zero commitments.
For Chanel, climate considerations are no longer immaterial—they now inform core business decisions, from risk management to opportunity assessment.
Breaking Down Chanel’s 1M Tonnes Carbon Footprint
In its Climate Transition Plan, Chanel reported total emissions of about 1.12 million tonnes of CO₂e in 2024. Most of these emissions do not come from its own stores or offices. Instead, they come from its supply chain.
- Scope 1 and 2 emissions: 2% of total (about 24,071 tonnes)
- Scope 3 emissions: 98% of total (about 1.1 million tonnes)

This shows a key challenge. Like many fashion brands, Chanel’s biggest impact is upstream. That includes raw materials, manufacturing, and logistics. The largest source is purchased goods and services, which account for over 626,000 tonnes of CO₂e.
Other major sources include:
- Capital goods: about 222,000 tonnes
- Transport and distribution: over 114,000 tonnes
- Business travel: over 53,000 tonnes
These figures highlight how complex the fashion supply chain is. It also shows why cutting emissions is harder than in other sectors.
Clear Targets: 2030 and 2040 Milestones

Chanel has set both near-term and long-term net-zero targets to tackle its carbon footprint. By 2030, the company aims to:
- Cut Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 50%, and cut Scope 3 emissions by 42%.
By 2040, the goal is deeper:
- Cut all emissions (Scope 1, 2, and 3) by 90%, and remove the remaining emissions through carbon removals.
Specific targets also cover land-based emissions associated with raw materials like leather and cashmere, with reductions of 30.3% by 2030 and 72% by 2040.
Importantly, Chanel does not rely on carbon offset credits to meet its targets. Instead, it focuses on real emissions cuts. This aligns with stricter global standards. Many frameworks now limit the use of offsets in net-zero plans.
Progress So Far: Renewable Energy and Supply Chain Improvements
The French luxury brand has already achieved measurable progress. Direct emissions have fallen 22% since 2021, driven primarily by the use of renewable energy. By 2024, 99% of the company’s electricity came from renewable sources, and the goal is to reach 100% by 2025.

Long-term power purchase agreements, including solar projects across Asia and Europe, have supported this transition.
Scope 3 emissions have also improved, declining 10% relative to 2021. Raw material emissions dropped 20% in 2024, thanks to changes in sourcing and the adoption of lower-impact inputs such as sustainable leather and cashmere.
How Chanel Plans to Cut Emissions and Reach Net Zero
The company’s strategy to tackle its emissions focuses on six main areas:
- optimizing operations,
- adopting lower-impact materials and packaging,
- implementing sustainable design in construction and events,
- shifting to low-emission logistics,
- promoting electric mobility, and
- engaging closely with suppliers.
Since Scope 3 emissions dominate the total footprint, supplier engagement is crucial.

Innovation also plays a key role. Chanel supports initiatives that reduce energy consumption in manufacturing, such as a project that lowered energy use by 27% at a supplier site. Circular design is another focus, with investments in repair services and durable products to extend product life.
Beyond Emissions: Climate Investment and Social Impact
Chanel’s climate plan extends beyond emissions reductions. The company invests in nature and climate projects, including the LEAF Coalition for forest protection, sustainable agriculture programs, and community-based climate initiatives.
In 2024, Chanel committed $125 million to Fondation Chanel, part of which funds women-led climate programs, tying environmental action to social impact. This approach embodies a “just transition,” ensuring that climate action also benefits workers and communities.
The Luxury Sector Shifts: Chanel Sets the Bar for Fashion
Chanel’s plan reflects a wider shift in the fashion and luxury sector. The industry faces growing pressure to act on climate. Fashion accounts for an estimated 2% to 8% of global emissions, based on various global studies.

Supply chains are complex and global, making change harder. At the same time, regulations are tightening. New rules in Europe and other regions require companies to disclose emissions and transition plans.
Many brands are now setting net-zero targets. But not all have detailed plans. Chanel’s transition plan stands out because it includes:
- Full emissions data
- Clear reduction targets
- A roadmap for action
Still, challenges remain. Cutting Scope 3 emissions is difficult. It depends on suppliers, technology, and costs. There is also a risk of slow progress. New materials, clean energy, and circular systems take time to scale.
Looking Ahead: A Long Road to Net-Zero
Chanel’s transition plan represents a significant step in addressing over 1 million tonnes of emissions. Progress in operations and energy use is evident, but the supply chain remains the most difficult hurdle.
Achieving net-zero by 2040 will require transforming material sourcing, deep collaboration with suppliers, and investment in new technologies.
As consumer demand for low-carbon products grows and investors increasingly scrutinize climate risks, transition plans have become a business imperative. Chanel’s strategy highlights a key trend: climate action is no longer a peripheral responsibility—it is integral to growth, risk management, and long-term value creation.
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