Lithium has become one of the most critical resources for the global energy transition. As demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy storage grows, countries are racing to secure stable supplies of this lightweight metal.
In the United States, the Department of Energy (DOE) has just announced a new era for lithium production. At the same time, investor interest in lithium has surged, reflected by the strong monthly close of the Global X Lithium & Battery Tech ETF (LIT). These changes show that the lithium market is reaching an important stage. This stage is shaped by policy, technology, and financial momentum.
U.S. DOE Takes a Stake in Lithium Americas
The DOE recently confirmed it will take equity stakes in Lithium Americas and its Thacker Pass mine in Nevada. This move marks the first time the U.S. government has directly invested in a lithium project rather than providing loans or guarantees.
Thacker Pass is one of the biggest lithium deposits in North America. It could greatly decrease U.S. dependence on foreign sources.
Becoming a shareholder sends a clear message: lithium production is vital for both business and national security. China controls over 60% of global lithium refining. So, the U.S. wants to boost its own supply chains.
The government aims to support projects that ensure long-term stability. The government’s role lowers risk for private investors. This could lead to more funding and partnerships.
Thacker Pass: America’s White Gold Standard
Thacker Pass, located in northern Nevada, is set to produce lithium carbonate. This will provide enough for batteries in up to one million EVs each year when fully operational. Construction is underway, and production is expected later this decade. The mine could make the U.S. one of the top four global producers, alongside Chile and Australia.
Thacker Pass has not been without controversy, facing environmental opposition and legal challenges. However, federal and state support has kept the project moving forward. If successful, it could reshape the balance of supply in the Western Hemisphere and reduce reliance on imports from Asia.
A Global Tug-of-War for Lithium Supply
While the U.S. builds its domestic base, other regions are also reconfiguring supply chains.
- Chile and Argentina hold about 60% of the world’s lithium reserves. They are rethinking their royalty rules and partnerships to bring in more foreign investment.
- Australia, currently the largest producer, continues to expand mining output but faces bottlenecks in refining. Much of its raw spodumene is shipped to China for processing.
- China, a leader in refining and cathode production, is boosting investments in Africa and South America. This helps it maintain its top position.
This global tug-of-war reflects a broader reality: lithium is not only an industrial commodity but also a strategic resource. Countries are ensuring access by using different methods. They invest directly, make long-term supply agreements, and innovate with technology.
EVs and Energy Storage: The Demand Engine
Lithium demand will likely surge in the next ten years. This rise is due to more people using EVs and increasing grid-scale energy storage. BloombergNEF forecasts lithium-ion battery demand reaching multiple terawatt-hours annually by 2035. EVs will likely make up over 70% of this total.
In the U.S., new federal incentives under the Inflation Reduction Act are pushing automakers to source more domestically produced materials. Ford, General Motors, and Tesla have all made deals for lithium. They expect the market to get tighter.
Meanwhile, utilities are using large battery storage systems. These help balance renewable energy from sources like wind and solar. This shift is increasing demand even more.
New Frontiers: Direct Extraction and Recycling
Meeting future demand will not only depend on mining new deposits but also on deploying new technologies. Direct lithium extraction (DLE) methods can boost recovery rates. They also lower environmental impact compared to old evaporation ponds. Companies in the U.S. and South America are piloting these systems, and if successful, DLE could accelerate supply growth.
Recycling also represents a growing opportunity. As the first wave of EV batteries reaches the end of life, recycling firms are stepping in to recover valuable metals. This secondary supply could become increasingly important in balancing markets and reducing dependence on mining.
Price Trends and Market Volatility
Lithium prices have seen dramatic swings in recent years. After hitting record highs in 2022, prices corrected in 2023 and 2024 as supply temporarily outpaced demand.
However, analysts warn that volatility is likely to persist. Benchmark Mineral Intelligence says lithium carbonate prices steadied in 2025. However, rising demand from EV makers could trigger another price surge in the late 2020s.
This volatility underscores the challenges for both producers and investors. Companies should balance long-term supply contracts with the risk of falling prices. Investors need to consider cyclical downturns alongside the bigger growth picture.
LIT ETF’s Rally Sparks Renewed Optimism
One sign of renewed optimism in the sector is the recent performance of the Global X Lithium & Battery Tech ETF (LIT). The ETF, which tracks a broad portfolio of lithium miners, battery producers, and EV companies, just posted its strongest monthly close in over a year, as seen in the Katusa Research chart below.
This performance reflects investor belief that the worst of the price downturn may be over and that long-term fundamentals remain intact. Stronger government backing, such as the DOE’s investment, adds further support to the outlook.
For many investors, ETFs like LIT offer diversified exposure to a sector known for both opportunity and volatility.
Investment Playbook: Choosing Exposure Wisely
For investors, the lithium sector presents both risks and rewards. On one hand, rising demand for EVs and energy storage supports a strong long-term growth story. On the other hand, price volatility, environmental concerns, and geopolitical risks remain significant.
Investors generally face three approaches:
- Major producers like Albemarle, SQM, and Ganfeng provide scale and stability.
- Emerging juniors, such as Lithium Americas, offer high growth potential but higher risks.
- ETFs like LIT provide diversified exposure, spreading risk across multiple companies and regions.
Each option carries different risk-reward profiles, making diversification a key strategy.
A Defining Decade for Lithium
The lithium industry is entering a transformative period. The DOE’s investment in Thacker Pass shows how vital it is to secure supply chains. Moreover, the strong close of the LIT ETF reflects rising investor confidence in this sector’s future. Globally, shifts in supply, demand, and technology are reshaping the landscape.
As EV adoption accelerates and renewable energy expands, lithium will remain a cornerstone of the energy transition. For governments, it is a matter of security and independence. For companies, it is a race to innovate and scale. And for investors, it represents both opportunity and volatility.
The next decade will likely define how lithium shapes the clean energy future, making today’s developments critical signals of what lies ahead.
- FURTHER READING: U.S. Lithium Push: How Washington’s Bet on Lithium Americas Could Reshape the Global Market
The post Lithium’s Turning Point: DOE Investment in LAC’s Thacker Pass and the LIT ETF Rally appeared first on Carbon Credits.
Carbon permits in the European Union have recently climbed to their highest levels since August 2023. The rise reflects tighter supply, policy decisions, and shifting market demand under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS).
The ETS is the world’s largest cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gas emissions. It mandates large emitters to buy allowances for the carbon dioxide they emit. These allowances are known as EU Allowances (EUAs).
EUAs are now trading at a price over €92 per tonne — the strongest level in about 18 months. This rise shows that companies and markets expect fewer allowances to be available in the future as the EU tightens its emissions cap.
What Is the EU Emissions Trading System?
The EU ETS began in 2005 as a tool to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through market forces. It sets a cap on total emissions from major sectors such as power generation, manufacturing, and aviation. Companies must hold enough allowances to cover their emissions each year.
The cap reduces over time, meaning fewer EUAs are issued. This creates scarcity. As allowances become scarcer, their price tends to rise, which increases costs for polluters. In theory, this pushes companies to reduce emissions or invest in cleaner technology.
In 2026, the system also overlaps with the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), a tax on imported carbon-intensive goods. CBAM began to apply in January 2026 and makes carbon costs visible on imports like steel and cement. The measure aims to cut down on “carbon leakage.” This happens when industries move production to areas with cheaper carbon prices.
Recent Price Moves: Highest Since August 2023
In early January 2026, EU carbon permits climbed as high as about €91.82 per tonne on EU markets, up from lower levels earlier in 2025. Now, it’s trading at over €92 per tonne, showing 27% increase from January 2025 prices. The rise represents a fourth consecutive weekly gain in allowances for the December 2026 contract.
The price rise reflects tightening supply — fewer allowances are available through auctions and free allocations. Reduced supply increases competition among companies that must surrender EUAs to match their emissions. This dynamic pushes the price higher.
Market analysts also note that colder weather and more heating needs in winter often boost industrial energy demand. This can lead to higher carbon prices during the season.
Why Prices Have Risen?
The recent uptick in EU carbon prices is driven by several key factors:
- Reduced Supply of Allowances:
The EU continues to tighten its emissions cap and reduce the number of new allowances issued. Estimates from the European Exchange auction calendar and Market Stability Reserve show that auction volumes will drop. They are expected to fall from about 588.7 million EU Allowances in 2025 to around 482.4 million in 2026. A stronger cap reduces the total pool of tradable EUAs, creating scarcity and upward pressure on prices.
- Policy Signals and Reform Expectations:
Investors and companies anticipate future regulatory tightening. The EU’s long-term climate goals include cutting net emissions by 90% by 2040 compared with 1990 levels. Such policy signals can strengthen confidence that carbon costs will rise further.
- Market Confidence and Funds:
Investment funds have increased their holdings of EU carbon futures. Trading positions and speculation can also influence price momentum, especially as market sentiment shifts toward tighter futures.
- Compliance Demand:
Industries covered by the ETS are required to surrender allowances to match their emissions by compliance deadlines. As deadlines near, buying activity can increase, adding short-term upward pressure on prices.
- Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism:
With CBAM now active, imported products from outside the EU face carbon costs similar to domestic industries. This mechanism can reduce free allowance allocations and tighten supply further.
Looking Back and Ahead: Carbon Price Trends and Forecasts
Carbon prices in the EU ETS have fluctuated over recent years. Prices surged above €100 per tonne in early 2023. Then, they eased back in 2024 and 2025. This decline was due to shifting market conditions and wider economic factors.
In 2024, the average price of EU ETS carbon permits was around €65 per tonne, down from €84 per tonne the year before. High prices in 2023 reflected strong policy signals from the Fit for 55 climate package and global energy disruptions.
Looking ahead, analysts and forecast models expect prices to continue rising over the coming decade:
- A survey of market participants predicts that the average EU ETS carbon price will rise to almost €100 per tonne from 2026 to 2030. This increase will happen as demand exceeds supply.
- Energy market analysts predict that the average price could hit about €126 per tonne by 2030. This rise is due to stricter caps and wider emission coverage.
- Under the EU ETS II framework, starting in 2027, more sectors will be included, like buildings and transport. In some scenarios, prices might average €99 per tonne from 2027 to 2030.
- BNEF’s EU ETS II Market Outlook projects carbon prices reaching €149 per metric ton ($156/t) by 2030, driving substantial emissions reductions.
Overall, these forward estimates imply that allowance prices may continue to rise as the EU strengthens its emissions targets to meet climate goals.
Emissions Reductions Under the ETS
The EU ETS has contributed to measurable emissions reductions. In 2024, emissions under the system were roughly 50% lower than in 2005. This progress is set to help the EU meet its 2030 goal of a 62% reduction from 2005 levels. The decline was driven mainly by cuts in the power sector, with increased renewable energy and a shift away from coal and gas.
Renewable energy growth, including wind and solar, played a role. Increases in renewables helped lower emissions by reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
The drop in emissions may lead to higher demand for allowances in the long run. With fewer emissions, companies will need more allowances to meet the cap.
What Higher Carbon Prices Mean for Industry
Higher carbon prices affect the European economy in many ways. For polluting industries, rising carbon costs increase operating expenses. Companies may invest more in cleaner technologies to reduce their allowance needs. This can accelerate decarbonization technology adoption.
Policy makers face the challenge of balancing climate goals with economic competitiveness. Some EU governments, like France, want price limits in the ETS. This could stop big swings in carbon costs. It would also help industries plan better.
The Market Stability Reserve (MSR), a mechanism to absorb excess allowances, also plays a role. It intends to reduce surplus permits and stabilize prices. Combined with the tightening cap, the MSR tends to push prices higher over time.
The ETS’s expansion to include more sectors — such as maritime transport and potentially buildings and road transport under EU ETS II — expands the share of emissions subject to carbon pricing. This broadening can further tighten supply and push prices up.
Why EU Carbon Prices Matter Beyond Europe
The EU ETS remains the largest carbon market in the world. According to global carbon pricing data, carbon pricing instruments currently cover about 28% of global greenhouse gas emissions, up from about 24% previously. The EU’s system is a key driver of this trend.
Many national and regional carbon markets have prices much lower than the EU’s. This shows differences in climate policies and economic situations. The ETS’s tightening emissions cap, reduced auction volumes, and shifting market sentiment all play roles in supporting higher carbon prices.
Forecasts suggest that prices may continue upward in the years to come, potentially averaging over €100 per tonne by the end of the decade. Meanwhile, the ETS continues to help reduce emissions in key sectors and supports the EU’s broader climate targets.
These price trends and policy developments make the EU carbon market a central piece of Europe’s climate strategy and an important bellwether for global carbon pricing efforts.
The post EU Carbon Prices Hit Highest Since August 2023: What Causes The Surge? appeared first on Carbon Credits.
Carbon Footprint
BMW Outpaces Mercedes 2.5x in EV Sales, Proving Electrification Is the Emissions Lever
BMW widened its lead over Mercedes-Benz in the global electric vehicle market in 2025, selling more than 2.5 times as many fully electric cars as its longtime German rival. The growing gap highlights not only BMW’s strong execution but also the mounting pressure on Mercedes-Benz to reset its EV strategy amid weak demand and regional headwinds.
While both automakers faced a challenging macro environment, their electric vehicle performance moved in sharply different directions. BMW accelerated, especially in Europe. Mercedes, by contrast, lost momentum in key markets such as China and North America, forcing difficult product and portfolio decisions.
BMW’s EV Strategy Delivers Scale and Stability
BMW ended 2025 with 442,072 fully electric vehicle deliveries, including more than 105,000 electric Minis, marking a 3.6% increase from the previous year. Over the same period, Mercedes delivered 168,800 battery-electric vehicles, a 9% year-on-year decline. The contrast underscored BMW’s growing dominance in the premium EV segment.
More broadly, the BMW Group delivered 2.46 million vehicles across all powertrains in 2025, slightly higher than the previous year.
- Electrified vehicles—including plug-in hybrids—reached 642,087 units, up 8.3%, and accounted for 26% of total group sales. This balance between combustion engines, hybrids, and EVs continued to shield BMW from abrupt demand swings.
BMW executives described electrified models as the company’s strongest growth driver. Demand proved especially resilient in Europe, where supportive regulations, charging infrastructure, and consumer incentives remained relatively stable compared to other regions.
Jochen Goller, member of the Board of Management of BMW AG, responsible for Customer, Brands, Sales, said,
“In 2025, in a challenging environment, the BMW Group sold more vehicles than in the previous year. Our electrified vehicles were in particularly high demand. Europe reported especially strong growth, with battery-electric vehicles accounting for about a quarter of total sales, and BEVs and PHEVs combined reaching a share of over 40% across the region. We remain fully on track to meet our EU CO₂ fleet target for 2025.
Europe Anchors BMW’s Electric Momentum
Europe emerged as the backbone of BMW’s electric success in 2025. Fully electric deliveries surged 28.2% across the region, with battery-electric vehicles representing roughly one-quarter of BMW’s total European sales. When plug-in hybrids are included, electrified vehicles exceeded 40% of sales in several major markets.
This performance also helped BMW stay on track to meet its EU fleet CO₂ targets, a growing priority as emissions rules tighten further later this decade. The company’s ability to scale EV sales without sacrificing profitability reinforced confidence in its multi-powertrain strategy.
Meanwhile, BMW’s British subsidiary Mini reached a notable milestone. The brand delivered its 100,000th fully electric Mini, and more than one in three Minis sold in 2025 featured a battery-electric drivetrain. This success demonstrated that smaller, urban-focused EVs continue to resonate strongly with European buyers.
Warning Signs Emerge in the U.S. Market
Despite strong annual results, BMW’s fourth-quarter performance revealed emerging challenges. Global EV deliveries fell 10.5% year over year in the final quarter, reflecting broader softness in consumer demand.
The United States stood out as a weak spot. BMW’s BEV sales in the U.S. plunged 45.5% in Q4, falling to just 7,557 vehicles. For the full year, U.S. electric deliveries dropped 16.7%, underscoring the impact of high interest rates, uneven incentives, and lingering infrastructure concerns.
Even so, BMW’s diversified geographic exposure helped offset U.S. weakness. Strong European demand and early interest in upcoming models provided confidence heading into 2026.
Neue Klasse Signals BMW’s Next Growth Phase
BMW’s outlook received an additional boost from early demand for its upcoming Neue Klasse platform. The first modern model under this architecture, the electric iX3, generated strong initial orders across Europe.
In fact, customer reservations already cover nearly all of BMW’s planned European production for the model in 2026. The Neue Klasse platform is central to BMW’s long-term strategy, combining new battery technology, improved efficiency, and a software-first vehicle architecture.
By 2027, BMW expects to launch or update more than 40 models across various drive options, reinforcing its belief that flexibility—not a single-technology bet—offers the safest path through an uncertain transition.
In this context, Goller further noted,
“Especially in Europe, 2026 will be marked by the NEUE KLASSE. At the same time, we will be introducing several new models this year, such as the BMW X5, BMW 3 Series, and BMW 7 Series. In total, the BMW Group will launch more than 40 new and revised vehicles with various drive options by 2027.”
Mercedes Faces Structural EV Headwinds
Mercedes-Benz entered 2025 under pressure, and conditions worsened as the year progressed. Global car sales fell 8% in the first nine months, with particularly sharp declines in China (-27%) and North America (-17%). Trade tensions and tariffs further complicated the picture.
The car maker delivered 168,800 BEVs, down 9%. Mercedes achieved higher total electrified sales, including plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), at 368,600 units, flat year-over-year.
In the United States, Mercedes paused orders for its EQS and EQE sedans and SUVs mid-year, citing unfavorable market conditions. As per reports, customer feedback highlighted design concerns and price sensitivity, particularly as competitors introduced newer platforms and faster charging capabilities.
As a result, Mercedes decided to phase out the EQE sedan and SUV by 2026, only four years after launch. The move marked a rare admission that parts of its first-generation EV strategy failed to connect with buyers.
Mercedes Bets on a Reset, Not a Retreat
Rather than scaling back electrification, Mercedes is attempting a reset. The company plans an aggressive product offensive, with 18 new or refreshed models in 2026 alone and 25 new models globally over three years.
However, Merc’s electric CLA boosted demand. It’s a new 800-volt EV architecture, starting with the upcoming electric CLA and GLC. Mercedes claims the new CLA can add up to 325 kilometers of range in just 10 minutes, with charging speeds reaching 320 kW. The company hopes these improvements will directly address earlier criticisms around charging and efficiency.
CEO Ola Källenius has described the coming period as the most intense launch cycle in Mercedes’ history. Still, execution risks remain high, particularly as competition intensifies and EV demand growth moderates in some markets.
Sustainability Becomes a Competitive Divider
Beyond sales volumes, sustainability strategies increasingly shape long-term competitiveness. BMW continues to position electrification as the biggest lever for emissions reductions while maintaining optionality across technologies, including hydrogen and efficient combustion engines.
The company aims to cut CO₂e emissions across its value chain by 90% by 2050, using 2019 as a baseline. Interim targets include a 40 million-ton reduction by 2030 and a 60 million-ton reductionby 2035. BMW has already mandated renewable energy use across its battery supply chain and sourcing contracts, including Tier-n suppliers.
Mercedes, meanwhile, is pursuing its “Ambition 2039” plan, targeting a net carbon-neutral new vehicle fleet across the full lifecycle. The company plans to reduce CO₂ emissions per passenger car by up to 50% within the next decade, while increasing renewable energy use in production to 100% by 2039.
Both automakers recognize that as EV adoption rises, emissions reductions must increasingly come from manufacturing and supply chains, not just vehicle usage.
The Gap Widens, but the Race Continues
By the end of 2025, BMW had clearly established itself as the premium EV leader among Germany’s luxury brands. Its combination of steady electrification, regional balance, and early success with next-generation platforms set it apart.
Mercedes, however, is not conceding the race. Its upcoming models and platform overhaul could still narrow the gap, especially if global EV demand rebounds. For now, though, BMW’s lead remains firmly intact—and the pressure on Stuttgart continues to build.
- READ MORE: Global EV Trends: Growth, Challenges, and the Future of Electric Mobility • Carbon Credits
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