The “monsoon downpour” that triggered deadly landslides in Kerala’s Wayanad district last month was made 10% heavier by human-caused climate change, a new rapid attribution study says.
The landslides followed an “exceptional spell of monsoon rain” on 30 July. They have killed at least 230 people, with more than one hundred people still missing and rescue operations ongoing.
Analysis by the World Weather Attribution (WWA) service shows the rainfall that hit Wayanad on 30 July was the region’s third-heaviest period on record, surpassing even the extreme rainfall that led to flooding in Kerala in 2018.
The team of 24 researchers from India, Malaysia, US, Sweden, Netherlands and UK find that downpours of this intensity have already become 17% heavier in the last 45 years.
In a world where average global temperatures are 2C above pre-industrial levels, they estimate that extreme single-day bursts of rainfall in Kerala could become a further 4% heavier, potentially leading to even more catastrophic landslides.
The study also looks at other “mixed” factors that may have contributed to the high casualties and Wayanad’s “increased susceptibility” to landslides. These include a 62% loss of forest cover in the district and warnings that “failed to reach many people”.
Slippery slope
Wayanad is a mountainous district in northern Kerala in India’s Western Ghats – a chain of mountains older than the Himalaya that runs parallel to the country’s western coast.
With its high elevation and steep slopes – combined with a tendency to receive “prolonged” rainfall and widespread changes to its natural vegetation – Wayanad is highly landslide-prone. It is the most susceptible district to landslides in Kerala, which accounted for 59% of the country’s landslides over 2015-22.
From 22 June onwards, Wayanad saw “nearly continuous” monsoon rainfall, the WWA study says – with some areas recording over 1.8 metres of rain in just a month.
On 30 July, Wayanad witnessed what study author Dr Mariam Zachariah – a research associate at Imperial College’s London’s Grantham Institute for Climate Change – calls “an extreme burst” of more than 140mm of rain in a single day. This is equivalent to nearly a quarter of the rain London receives all year. This rain landed on loose, erodible soils already saturated by two months of monsoon rains.
The first landslide that began at an altitude of 1,550 metres struck the village of Mundakkai at midnight on 30 July, followed by three more landslides within three hours, hitting the villages of Chooralmala and Attamala.
Torrents of mud, water and rock buried several neighbourhoods, swept away victims and collapsed an arterial bridge, delaying rescue operations to the hardest-hit areas.
While state authorities say that the death toll at the time of writing is 231, media reports suggest that the actual number of lives lost to the landslides is greater than 400 – disproportionately impacting migrant workers working in farms, holiday resorts and tea plantations.
In a press briefing, study author Prof Arpita Mondal from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay said the “scale of the event was so huge that the debris registered a flow of several kilometres”, adding that “body parts have been recovered from downstream rivers as far as tens of kilometres from the location of the landslides”.
The event, she says, was “particularly devastating to two villages – Mundakkai and Chooralmala”, with one official telling News Minute that “I don’t think the Chooralmala ward will exist anymore”.
Monsoon downpour
To put Wayanad’s intense rainfall into its historical context and determine how unlikely it was, the authors analysed a timeseries of one-day maximum rainfall during the June-to-September monsoon season, focusing on northern Kerala.
They find that 140mm of rainfall hit northern Kerala on 30 July 2024, ranking as the third heaviest one-day rainfall event in a record stretching back to 1901.
The intensity of this rainfall surpassed even the “torrential” rainfall that hit large regions of Kerala in 2018, killing more than 40 people and earning the title of Kerala’s “worst floods in nearly a century”.
The map below shows total rainfall on 30 July 2024 in northern Kerala, based on data from the Indian Meteorological Department. Dark blue indicates a high total daily rainfall and yellow indicates a low total. The study region is shown in red on the map.
Total rainfall on 30 July 2024, based on data from the Indian Meteorological Department. Dark blue indicates a high total daily rainfall and yellow indicates a low total. The study region is shown in red. Source: WWA (2024)
The authors find that in today’s climate, this intense one-day rainfall is a one-in-50 year event.
Separately, using satellite observations, the authors find that heavy one-day rainfall events over northern Kerala have become about 17% more intense in the last 45 years, in which time the global climate has warmed by around 0.85C.
Attribution
Attribution is a fast-growing field of climate science that aims to identify the “fingerprint” of climate change on extreme-weather events, such as heatwaves and droughts.
In this study, the authors investigated the impact of climate change specifically on the heavy rainfall in northern Kerala on 30 July 2024.
To conduct attribution studies, scientists use climate models to compare the world as it is today to a “counterfactual” world, without the 1.3C of human-caused warming.
The authors find that climate change made the intense rainfall on 30 July around 10% more intense.
This “may not sound like very much, but really, when you are looking at this amount of rainfall, that is a lot of extra rain”, Dr Claire Barnes, a research associate at Imperial College’s London’s Grantham Institute for Climate Change, and author on the study, told the press briefing.
The authors note that Kerala is a mountainous region with “complex rainfall-climate dynamics” and explain that there is a high level of uncertainty in the model results.
However, Zachariah told the press briefing that the study findings are “consistent with Clausius Clapeyron relationship”, which states that the air can generally hold around 7% more moisture for every 1C of temperature rise.
The authors also investigate how rainfall intensity might change as the planet continues to warm. They find that if the planet were to warm to 2C above pre-industrial temperatures, rainfall intensity in northern Kerala is expected to become a further 4% more intense.
The study says that this increase in rainfall intensity is “likely to increase the potential number of landslides that could be triggered in the future”.
(These findings are yet to be published in a peer-reviewed journal. However, the methods used in the analysis have been published in previous attribution studies.)
Land-use change
The Western Ghats and their high-mountain tropical forest ecosystems are internationally recognised as a biodiversity hotspot and influence Indian monsoon weather patterns.
Wayanad is known for its dense forests and rich biodiversity, but it has also seen significant deforestation and land-use change.
While heavy rainfall was “a trigger” for the devastating landslides, human intervention “has played an important role, there’s no doubt about it”, says Madhavan Rajeevan, India’s former Earth sciences secretary who was not involved in the study. He tells Carbon Brief:
“In many interviews with local people, they say that [large-scale] construction work was going on in the worst-hit areas. And that construction [was done] by removing the local [Indigenous people] staying in the forest. But the landslide doesn’t differentiate between rich and poor. If there was no substantial human intervention in that area for the last four or five years, I’m very sure this landslide would not have happened.”
Between 1950 and 2018, Wayanad lost 62% of its forest cover while land under tea plantations grew by 1,800%, according to one study. The district’s high slopes are also host to coffee, pepper, tea and cardamom plantations, as well as being dotted by luxury resorts.
At the same time, a rise in construction and quarrying for building stones in recent years has “raise[d] concerns” among scientists about the impacts on the stability of hill slopes in the area.
On 31 July, the day after disaster struck, India’s climate ministry issued the sixth draft of a notification to classify parts of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive areas (ESAs), 14 years after experts had recommended curbs on development in the region.
Environmental lawyer Shibani Ghosh tells Carbon Brief that, to date, 72,000 square kilometres of the Western Ghats identified by these experts “do not even fall within the ambit of any proposed conservation scheme”.
While environmentalists still have “serious apprehensions” about the area that will be excluded from the Western Ghats ESA in the new draft, “had it been declared [even in its unsatisfactory form] by now, environmentally harmful activities would have been regulated, and perhaps the impact of these natural calamities would have been much less”, she adds.
Rajeevan, additionally, points to how the monsoon has changed in Kerala. He says:
“We know that seasonal rainfall is very high in the west coast, it rains continuously for many days and many hours, but the amount used to be very small: in millimetres per hour. But recent studies are suggesting that these shallow clouds are changing into deep convective clouds that drop very heavy rain in a very short spell, and that could be attributed to warming over the Arabian Sea.”
At the same time, forecasting is another issue that the study raises, drawing attention to the fact that warnings failed to reach many and impacts were not specifically spelt out.
In the aftermath of the landslides, whether meteorological authorities warned of heavy rains became the subject of parliamentary debate. But Rajeevan points out that accurate rain warnings alone are not enough:
“Red alerts and yellow alerts for the whole state or a few districts do not translate into a landslide warning. A district collector cannot translate them or take a decision. The Geological Survey of India issued a warning, but it was not alarming and a sophisticated, real-time landslide alert system needs a lot of money.
“The best solution is to identify and rehabilitate people living in landslide prone areas and to not trouble them by removing their forests.”
The post Climate change made ‘monsoon downpour’ behind Kerala landslides 10% more intense appeared first on Carbon Brief.
Climate change made ‘monsoon downpour’ behind Kerala landslides 10% more intense
Half of nations have met a UN deadline to report on how they are tackling nature loss within their borders, Carbon Brief analysis shows.
This includes 11 of the 17 “megadiverse nations”, countries that account for 70% of Earth’s biodiversity.
It also includes all of the G7 nations apart from the US, which is not part of the world’s nature treaty.
All 196 countries that are part of the UN biodiversity treaty were due to submit their seventh “national reports” by 28 February, of which 98 have done so.
Their submissions are supposed to provide key information for an upcoming global report on actions to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, in addition to a global review of progress due to be conducted by countries at the COP17 nature summit in Armenia in October this year.
At biodiversity talks in Rome in February, UN officials said that national reports submitted late will not be included in the global report due to a lack of time, but could still be considered in the global review.
Tracking nature action
In 2022, nations signed a landmark deal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030, known as the “Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework” (GBF).
In an effort to make sure countries take action at the domestic level, the GBF included an “implementation schedule”, involving the publishing of new national plans in 2024 and new national reports in 2026.
The two sets of documents were to inform both a global report and a global review, to be conducted by countries at COP17 in Armenia later this year. (This schedule mirrors the one set out for tackling climate change under the Paris Agreement.)
The deadline for nations’ seventh national reports, which contain information on their progress towards meeting the 23 targets of the GBF based on a set of key indicators, was 28 February 2026.
According to Carbon Brief’s analysis of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity’s online reporting platform, 98 out of the 196 countries that are part of the nature convention (50%) submitted on time.
The map below shows countries that submitted their seventh national reports by the UN’s deadline.
This includes 11 of the 17 “megadiverse nations” that account for 70% of Earth’s biodiversity.
The megadiverse nations to meet the deadline were India, Venezuela, Indonesia, Madagascar, Peru, Malaysia, South Africa, Colombia, Mexico, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Australia.
It also includes all of the G7 nations (France, Germany, the UK, Japan, Italy and Canada), excluding the US, which has never ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity.
The UK’s seventh national report shows that it is currently on track to meet just three of the GBF’s 23 targets.
This is according to a LinkedIn post from Dr David Cooper, former executive secretary of the CBD and current chair of the UK’s Joint Nature Conservation Committee, which coordinated the UK’s seventh national report,
The report shows the UK is not on track to meet one of the headline targets of the GBF, which is to protect 30% of land and sea for nature by 2030.
It reports that the proportion of land protected for nature is 7% in England, 18% in Scotland and 9% in Northern Ireland. (The figure is not given for Wales.)
National plans
In addition to the national reports, the upcoming global report and review will draw on countries’ national plans.
Countries were meant to have submitted their new national plans, known as “national biodiversity strategies and action plans” (NBSAPs), by the start of COP16 in October 2024.
A joint investigation by Carbon Brief and the Guardian found that only 15% of member countries met that deadline.
Since then, the percentage of countries that have submitted a new NBSAP has risen to 39%.
According to the GBF and its underlying documents, countries that were “not in a position” to meet the deadline to submit NBSAPs ahead of COP16 were requested to instead submit national targets. These submissions simply list biodiversity targets that countries will aim for, without an accompanying plan for how they will be achieved.
As of 2 March, 78% of nations had submitted national targets.
At biodiversity talks in Rome in February, UN officials said that national reports submitted late will not be included in the global report due to a lack of time, but could still be considered in the global review.
Funding ‘delays’
At the Rome talks, some countries raised that they had faced “difficulties in submitting [their national reports] on time”, according to the Earth Negotiations Bulletin.
Speaking on behalf of “many” countries, Fiji said that there had been “technical and financial constraints faced by parties” in the preparation of their seventh national reports.
In a statement to Carbon Brief, a spokesperson for the Global Environment Facility, the body in charge of providing financial and technical assistance to countries for the preparation of their national reports, said “delays in fund disbursement have occurred in some cases”, adding:
“In 2023, the GEF council approved support for the development of NBSAPs and the seventh national reports for all 139 eligible countries that requested assistance. This includes national grants of up to $450,000 per country and $6m in global technical assistance delivered through the UN Development Programme and UN Environment Programme.
“As of the end of January 2026, all 139 participating countries had benefited from technical assistance and 93% had accessed their national grants, with 11 countries yet to receive their funds. Delays in fund disbursement have occurred in some cases, compounded by procurement challenges and limited availability of technical expertise.”
The spokesperson added that the fund will “continue to engage closely with agencies and countries to support timely completion of NBSAPs and the seventh national reports”.
The post Analysis: Half of nations meet UN deadline for nature-loss reporting appeared first on Carbon Brief.
Analysis: Half of nations meet UN deadline for nature-loss reporting
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