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Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity. This blog is based on the 2nd chapter of our Climate Change and Carbon Markets 2023 Report. Here are the key facts to help you get up to speed on the science of climate change and the role that carbon credits will play in a Net Zero future. 

Carbon Credits Critical to Averting Climate Catastrophe

The scientific consensus paints a dire picture – unchecked human-caused climate change threatens catastrophic and potentially irreversible harm to societies, economies, and ecosystems worldwide. If global greenhouse gas emissions continue rising at the current trajectory, we risk triggering self-reinforcing feedback loops leading to runaway climate chaos. This includes deadly heatwaves and droughts rendering large swaths of the planet uninhabitable, collapse of agricultural systems and food supply chains, and flooding of coastal megacities on a scale beyond human adaptation. The window for preventing the worst climate breakdown scenarios is rapidly closing. According to the IPCC, we have less than a decade left to achieve peak global emissions if we hope to avoid breaching 1.5°C warming and maintain a livable climate.

Carbon Credits Can Help Fix the Broken Economics of Climate Change

Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are a global ‘public good’ – the atmosphere belongs to everyone. This means companies can freely dump carbon pollution without paying for the damage. It also means that no single company or country is able to exclude itself from the resulting climatic effects. However, experts estimate unabated climate change could cost the global economy over 20% of GDP by 2100 through impacts like property loss, health issues, severe weather, and agricultural declines.

Establishing a dynamic, commoditized global market for carbon credits is an essential step in correcting this market failure and making polluters pay the true cost of emissions. But before we get ahead of ourselves it’s worth discussing:

What are Carbon Credits and Why are they Important?

Carbon credits are tradable emissions permits that put a price on carbon dioxide emissions released by companies. Carbon credits create financial incentives for companies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

In countries with regulated carbon caps, the companies that exceed their allotted carbon footprint threshold must purchase extra credits to offset their surplus emissions. Meanwhile, companies that maintain emissions below their permitted level can sell their excess carbon credits for a profit. This introduces an economic incentive for companies to reduce their carbon footprint. 

Carbon credits are a core element of emissions trading systems and carbon pricing initiatives worldwide. Expanding carbon credits globally is critical to mitigating climate change. 

Using Carbon Credits to Incentivize Emission Cuts

Carbon pricing through tradable carbon credits is an essential policy solution that must be urgently implemented worldwide. Carbon credits create market-based incentives for companies and nations to reduce their carbon footprints and transition more rapidly to renewable energy and low-emission technologies. Well-designed carbon credit programs allow flexible mechanisms for pricing pollution, driving emission cuts, and funding climate change mitigation and adaptation projects globally. This is our last chance to correct course. The time for bold, comprehensive climate action centered on carbon credits is now. 

Using Carbon Credits for Climate Policy

There are two main policy approaches to pricing carbon emissions using carbon credits:

Carbon Cap and Trade

Under cap and trade systems, regulators limit the amount of overall greenhouse gas emissions by setting a cap. Companies receive tradable carbon credits adding up to the cap and must obtain enough credits to cover their emissions. If companies exceed their credits, they must purchase more on the carbon market from those below their allotted amount.

Carbon Taxes

A direct carbon tax sets a price per ton on carbon emissions, which companies pay based on their CO2 output. The tax incentivizes companies to reduce emissions to avoid taxes.
Jurisdictions may use a hybrid system with both an emissions cap and carbon tax to drive emissions reductions. Robust carbon pricing supported by carbon credits offers the most expedient path to mitigating climate change.

Carbon Credits are Essential to Climate Action

Climate change demands urgent action. Putting a fair price on carbon pollution is essential to driving the needed changes at the speed and scale required. Carbon credits offer a flexible, market-based mechanism to incentivize emissions reductions globally. The societal benefits of stabilized greenhouse gas levels far outweigh the costs of transformation. For the sake of our planet and future generations, carbon credits must become a centerpiece of climate policy worldwide. The window for success is closing – WE MUST ACT NOW.

 

To learn more about the state of Climate Change, Carbon Markets and how these affect each and every one of us, contact us for the full report.

 

References and Further Reading:

  1. Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming – Paul Hawken
  2. The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming – David Wallace-Wells
  3. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate – Naomi Klein
  4. The Citizen’s Guide to Climate Success – Mark Jaccard
  5. Climate Change: What Everyone Needs to Know – Joseph Romm

Photo by Marek Piwnicki on Unsplash

Carbon Footprint

Microsoft (MSFT) Signs Solar Deal with Zelestra to Power Data Centers in Spain, Supporting Community Projects

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Microsoft Signs Solar Deal with Zelestra to Power Data Centers in Spain, Supporting Community Projects

Microsoft (MSFT) has signed a long-term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with Zelestra for 95.7 MWAC of solar power. The energy will come from two new solar farms in Aragón, Spain — Escatrón II and Fuendetodos II, both under construction. This clean energy will help power Microsoft’s data centers and operations in the region. It also supports Microsoft’s wider climate goals.

A Solar Deal That Shines Beyond Power

Beyond simply buying solar power, Microsoft is tying this deal to benefits for the local community. The non-profit ECODES will run a “Community Fund” financed by this PPA. ECODES plans to use this fund to support sustainability projects in Aragón. They will invest in local infrastructure, social inclusion, and environmental education.

Zelestra calls its strategy “3 Es”: Education, Energy, and Environment. Microsoft sees this as part of its “Datacenter Community Pledge,” which aims to ensure its operations help local areas as well as reduce its carbon footprint.

Why Microsoft’s 95.7 MW Bet Matters

This solar agreement matters for several reasons:

  1. Reliable clean energy: The 95.7 MW solar supply gives Microsoft a stable source of renewable power.
  2. Social benefits: ECODES will channel money into projects that help local people and ecosystems.
  3. Long-term local commitment: Zelestra intends to stay in Aragón and work with communities for years.

This structure shows how a big company can use a clean energy deal not just for itself, but for shared community value.

Spain’s Solar Boom and Zelestra’s Expanding Footprint

Solar power in Spain is booming. In the last few years, the country has added thousands of megawatts of solar capacity. According to Informa’s DBK report, solar energy grew by 6,000 MW in just one year, reaching 32,350 MW by 2024.

Red Eléctrica (the Spanish grid operator) data shows that by early 2025, solar PV installed capacity passed 32,000 MW, making solar the largest source of power capacity in Spain.

This growth reflects a major shift in Spain’s energy mix. In 2024, solar PV generated a record 44,520 GWh of electricity, about 17% of the country’s total electricity output.

At the same time, renewables now make up around 66% of Spain’s total power generation capacity. These numbers show how central solar power has become to Spain’s energy transition.

The outlook is even more ambitious. According to GlobalData, Spain’s solar capacity could reach 152.8 GW by 2035, driven by strong policy support and growing investor confidence. To fuel this, many new projects are already in the permitting stage.

Spain renewable power market 2035

In 2025 alone, more than 5 GW of solar projects were submitted for environmental approval. Castilla‑La Mancha is a major one of those major regions, and it stands out in Zelestra’s portfolio.

Zelestra is a major player in this growth. In 2025, it secured €146.6 million to build six solar plants in Castilla‑La Mancha, totaling 237 MWdc. These projects will create jobs, generate around 467 GWh of clean energy per year, and avoid over 84,000 tons of CO₂ emissions annually.

Zelestra is also expanding its corporate partnerships, providing renewable electricity for companies like Microsoft and Graphic Packaging International. Its portfolio in Spain exceeds 6 GW, showing its strong commitment to the country’s clean energy transition and its role as a key developer of large-scale solar projects.

Inside Microsoft’s Push Toward Carbon Negativity

Microsoft has set strong climate goals. In 2020, it announced its plans to be carbon negative by 2030. That means by then, it wants to remove more carbon from the atmosphere than it emits.

To reach this, the tech giant is doing several things:

  • It has contracted 34 GW of new renewable energy across 24 countries.
  • It aims to match 100% of its electricity use with zero‑carbon power by 2025.
  • It invests in carbon removal. In fiscal year 2024, Microsoft signed contracts for nearly 22 million metric tons of carbon removal.
  • It uses a $1 billion Climate Innovation Fund to support new technologies.

Progress and Challenges in Emissions

Microsoft has made real progress, but it also faces big challenges. Its Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions (those from its own operations and electricity use) dropped 29.9% compared to 2020.

Microsoft carbon emissions
Source: Microsoft

But its total emissions (including its supply chain, or “Scope 3”) rose by 23–26% since 2020. This increase comes mainly from its rapid growth in data centers and cloud services.

Because it makes a lot of servers, chips, and hardware, Microsoft’s construction and supply chain also generate emissions. To cut those, it is working with its suppliers. By 2030, Microsoft plans to require high-volume suppliers to use 100% carbon‑free electricity.

Microsoft’s clean energy capacity has grown steadily since 2013, starting with wind projects in the U.S. By 2022, capacity reached 900 MW with wind and solar projects in Europe and the U.S.

Microsoft Clean Energy Contracts (Capacity, MW)
Notes: Clean energy deals include solar and wind projects

In 2024, Microsoft signed the largest corporate clean energy deal for 10.5 GW with Brookfield Renewable, delivering by 2030. This reflects Microsoft’s goal to power all operations with 100% renewable energy by 2030, underscoring its leadership in global sustainability efforts.​

Carbon Removal and Long-Term Risks

Microsoft is not just cutting emissions, it is also removing carbon. It invests in two big types of removal:

  • Nature-based removal: Microsoft has a deal with Chestnut Carbon to buy over 7 million tons of forest-based carbon credits.
  • Advanced removal: Microsoft supports projects like bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). It recently backed a project in Louisiana that could capture 6.75 million tons of CO₂ over 15 years. 

Still, some experts warn that Microsoft’s climate strategy lacks targets beyond 2030. That could challenge its long-term impact.

SEE MORE on Microsoft: 

How the Solar Deal Fits into Microsoft’s Strategy?

The 95.7 MW deal in Spain ties directly into Microsoft’s overall carbon-negative goal. Here’s how it fits:

  • It adds zero-carbon electricity to Microsoft’s grid mix.
  • It supports Microsoft’s plan to match all its power use with clean energy.
  • The deal’s community fund reinforces Microsoft’s aim to pair climate action with social value.
  • It strengthens Microsoft’s global clean energy portfolio.

This helps Microsoft reduce its operational emissions (Scope 1 & 2) and supports its broader mission to remove carbon.

What’s Next for Microsoft, Zelestra, and Local Communities?

If all goes well, the two solar farms in Aragón will come online and deliver power to Microsoft for many years. The ECODES fund should start giving out grants to local groups, helping build greener projects in the community.

The tech giant must also keep pushing its carbon removal work and supplier engagement. It needs to make sure its long-term investments bring real, measurable climate impact.

Zelestra, for its part, will prove whether it can deliver reliable solar and meaningful social impact. If the model works, more companies may use similar “clean energy + community” contracts.

The agreement is more than just about cutting emissions — it’s also about helping local communities. At the same time, Microsoft’s push to be carbon negative by 2030 is ambitious and complex. It involves clean power, carbon removal, and changes in its entire supply chain.

This Spanish solar deal adds a new piece to Microsoft’s climate puzzle. It strengthens its clean energy supply and shows how corporate climate goals can benefit more than just the bottom line.

The post Microsoft (MSFT) Signs Solar Deal with Zelestra to Power Data Centers in Spain, Supporting Community Projects appeared first on Carbon Credits.

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Legal challenges in carbon offsetting: What recent lawsuits teach us

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Over the past two years, the world of carbon offsetting has entered a new era—one defined by legal scrutiny, public demand for accuracy, and a deeper understanding of how complex carbon accounting truly is. This shift reflects a growing expectation that environmental claims must be both scientifically credible and communicated with absolute precision.

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Carbon Footprint

Constellation Secures $1B DOE Loan to Restart Crane Clean Energy Center and Boost America’s Nuclear Energy Future

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CLEAN energy investment U.S. nuclear

U.S. Secretary of Energy Chris Wright announced on November 18 that the Department of Energy’s Loan Programs Office has finalized a $1 billion loan to help lower energy costs and restart a Pennsylvania nuclear power plant. The funding will support Constellation Energy Generation, LLC in financing the Crane Clean Energy Center, an 835 MW facility located on the Susquehanna River in Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania. This loan marks a major step toward restoring reliable, carbon-free power to the region.

Energy Secretary Wright highlighted further,

“Thanks to President Trump’s bold leadership and the Working Families Tax Cut, the United States is taking unprecedented steps to lower energy costs and bring about the next American nuclear renaissance. Constellation’s restart of a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania will provide affordable, reliable, and secure energy to Americans across the Mid-Atlantic region. It will also help ensure America has the energy it needs to grow its domestic manufacturing base and win the AI race.”

Constellation (Nasdaq: CEG) is the first company to receive a simultaneous conditional loan commitment and financial close from the DOE Loan Programs Office. Its strong finances and credit rating allowed the process to move quickly. The loan, provided through the Energy Dominance Financing Program, will lower financing costs and attract private investment to restart the plant. In addition, DOE noted the project will help the U.S. stay competitive in the global AI and digital economy, which is driving higher electricity demand.

Crane Clean Energy Center: Returning 835 MW of Carbon-Free Power

The Crane Clean Energy Center is an 835-megawatt nuclear plant on the Susquehanna River. Previously known as Three Mile Island Unit 1, it has a long and historic legacy. In March 1979, Three Mile Island Unit 2 suffered a partial meltdown and has remained in monitored storage ever since. Unit 1, however, continued operating safely for four decades before being shut down in September 2019 due to market conditions rather than safety concerns.

In September 2024, Constellation signed a 20-year power purchase agreement with Microsoft, which allows the tech giant to buy the carbon-free electricity generated by the restarted plant. Following the agreement, Constellation rebranded the facility as the Crane Clean Energy Center. As said before, once operational, the plant will provide 835 MW of nuclear energy.

DOE Loan Accelerates the Restart

Constellation (Nasdaq: CEG) is the first company to receive a simultaneous conditional loan commitment and financial close from the DOE Loan Programs Office. Its strong finances and credit rating allowed the process to move quickly. The loan, provided through the Energy Dominance Financing Program, will lower financing costs and attract private investment to restart the plant. In addition, DOE noted the project will help the U.S. stay competitive in the global AI and digital economy, which is driving higher electricity demand.

DOE stated that the Crane loan aligns with President Trump’s Executive Order on Reinvigorating the Nuclear Industrial Base. The project is the first under this administration to receive a simultaneous conditional commitment and financial close.

Because the reactor was never fully decommissioned, restarting it is faster and more cost-effective than building a new plant. The loan will fund equipment inspections, system upgrades, workforce training, and regulatory compliance. Once approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the plant will supply enough electricity to power about 800,000 homes across the PJM Interconnection region. It will help lower electricity costs, strengthen grid reliability, and create hundreds of jobs.

clean energy investment U.S. nuclear

READ MORE:

Pennsylvania Leads in Clean Energy and AI Power

Senator Dave McCormick praised the DOE loan, saying Pennsylvania is leading the nation in energy independence and AI innovation. He highlighted that the restart will deliver more than 800 MW of carbon-free electricity and create 3,400 direct and indirect jobs.

McCormick also noted Constellation’s ongoing investments across the state, including commitments announced at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit. The restart comes amid unprecedented electricity demand from AI, cloud computing, and expanding data centers.

A Goldman Sachs report predicts that AI could increase data-center power demand by 160 percent. AI queries, like those used by tools such as ChatGPT, require nearly ten times more electricity than a standard Google search. Nuclear power is vital to meet this growing demand reliably.

AI energy demand

Extending Nuclear Plant Life: Constellation’s Strategy for Reliable Power

Constellation has invested in local communities by committing over $1 million in charitable contributions over five years. In 2025 alone, the company donated $200,000 to support nonprofits, workforce programs, and local initiatives.

Significantly, restarting Crane is part of Constellation’s larger multi-billion-dollar plan to extend the life of America’s nuclear fleet, increase output, and ensure reliable power for decades.

The Crane Clean Energy Center is expected to deliver significant economic benefits to Pennsylvania. An analysis by the Pennsylvania Building and Construction Trades Council projected that the restart would create thousands of direct and indirect jobs. It could add more than $16 billion to the state’s GDP and generate over $3 billion in state and federal tax revenue.

The plant is already more than 80 percent staffed, with over 500 employees, including engineers, mechanics, technicians, and licensed operators. Regulatory reviews and technical inspections remain on schedule.

Joe Dominguez, president and CEO of Constellation, said:

“DOE’s quick action and leadership is another huge step towards bringing hundreds of megawatts of reliable nuclear power onto the grid at this critical moment. Under the Trump administration, the FERC and DOE have made it possible for us to vastly expedite this restart without compromising quality or safety. It’s a great example of how America first energy policies create jobs, growth and opportunities and make the grid more reliable. Utilities and grid operators are moving too slowly and need to make regulatory changes that will allow our nation to unlock its abundant energy potential. Constellation and nuclear energy are helping to lead the way and we are thankful to President Trump and Secretary Wright for putting the ‘energy’ back into DOE.”

Nuclear Power for America’s Clean Energy Future

The surge in AI, electrification, and cloud computing has made nuclear energy more critical than ever. Small modular reactors and advanced technologies are gaining interest from utilities and data-center developers.

The U.S. produces about 30 percent of the world’s nuclear electricity. Ninety-four reactors supply steady, clean power to millions of homes and industries nationwide. According to the World Nuclear Association, U.S. reactors generated 779 terawatt-hours in 2023, accounting for 19 percent of the nation’s total electricity output.

The administration aims to quadruple U.S. nuclear capacity to 400 gigawatts by 2050. The International Energy Agency projects 35 GW of new capacity by 2035 and 200 GW by 2050, nearly triple current levels. Restarting Crane contributes to this goal while providing reliable baseload power, supporting AI and digital growth, and boosting the economy.

Electricity generation for data centres by fuel in the United States, Base Case, 2020-2035

US data center nuclear energy

The Crane Clean Energy Center restart is a key step toward clean, reliable energy. It shows how nuclear power can meet rising electricity needs, support innovation, and strengthen local economies.

The post Constellation Secures $1B DOE Loan to Restart Crane Clean Energy Center and Boost America’s Nuclear Energy Future appeared first on Carbon Credits.

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