Warming driven by deforestation caused an extra 28,000 heat-related deaths per year across Africa, South America and Asia over 2001-20, new research finds.
The study, published in Nature Climate Change, is the first to look at human health impacts of warming caused specifically by tropical deforestation, as opposed to the burning of fossil fuels, its lead author tells Carbon Brief.
The authors find that deforestation alone drove, on average, 0.45C of warming in the tropics over 2001-20, accounting for 64% of the total warming in regions with tropical forest loss.
They also find that tropical deforestation over 2001-20 exposed 345 million people to “local warming”, in addition to the warming they were already facing due to global warming.
Six out of every 100,000 people living in deforested areas died as a result of deforestation-induced warming during this time, they warn.
This number is higher in south-east Asia, with Vietnam setting a record of, on average, 29 deaths per 100,000 people.
A researcher who was not involved with the study tells Carbon Brief that the “sobering” paper “reframes tropical deforestation as not only a carbon emissions and ecological issue, but also a critical public health concern”.
Tropical deforestation
Tropical forests, mainly distributed across South America, Africa and Asia, account for 45% of global forest cover.
These regions are well-known for their high biodiversity and the crucial ecosystem services that they provide, such as carbon storage.
However, tropical forest loss is on the rise.
A record 6.7m hectares of previously intact tropical forest was lost last year, mainly due to fires and land clearing for agriculture. As the planet warms, worsening heat and drought extremes are also causing trees to become less resilient to change, resulting in forest degradation.
The new study uses data from the Global Land Analysis and Discovery laboratory at the University of Maryland to assess how tropical forest cover has changed year on year. The authors find that over 2001-20, a total of 1.6m square kilometres (160m hectares) of tropical forest was lost globally. This is shown on the map below, where blue indicates high forest loss and yellow indicates low loss.
The authors find the largest forest loss was in central and South America, but also highlight “extensive” loss in south-east Asia and tropical Africa.
Forest warming
Tropical deforestation has a wide range of negative consequences, including decreasing biodiversity, releasing carbon into the atmosphere and threatening the safety of Indigenous communities.
Loss of tree cover can also affect local temperatures by influencing the water cycle.
Water is constantly moving from the surface of the land into the atmosphere through a process called evapotranspiration. Plants play a crucial part in this process by moving water from the soil up through their roots and into their leaves, where it evaporates, cooling the air above. When trees are cut down, this cooling effect is reduced.
The authors use data of land surface temperatures from the NASA MODIS satellite to map warming in tropical regions over 2001-20. These results are shown in the map below, where red indicates warming and blue indicates cooling.
The authors find that between 2001-03 and 2018-20, surface temperatures increased by 0.34C in tropical central and South America, 0.1C in tropical Africa and 0.72C in south-east Asia. They add that “areas of forest loss coincide with areas of strong positive change in temperature across many regions of the tropics”.
By comparing their deforestation and surface warming maps, the authors find that deforested regions of the tropics saw an average of 0.7C warming over 2001-20, while areas that “maintained forest cover” saw an increase of only 0.2C.
By comparing the change in temperature in deforested regions with that in neighbouring locations without forest loss, they find that deforestation alone caused 0.45C of warming in the tropics over 2001-20 – accounting for 64% of total warming experienced over those regions.
Heat exposure
High temperatures can be deadly.
During periods of extreme heat, people can suffer from heat stroke and exhaustion – and even die. Those with underlying health conditions are at higher risk of fatal complications.
The authors use data from Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s LandScan to map where people live in the tropics. They estimate that 425 million people live in regions that were exposed to tropical deforestation over 2001-20, and just over three-quarters of them were exposed to warming as a result of the loss of forest cover.
Finally, the authors estimated “heat-related excess mortality” due to nearby tropical deforestation.
Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, they determine the number of “non-accidental” deaths in each deforested tropical area. This excludes deaths from “external” causes, such as accidents and suicides, but includes “internal” causes, such as disease.
The researchers then used previously published “temperature-mortality” relationships for different countries. These relationships show the link between temperature and excess mortality rate, indicating the percentage increase in mortality for every degree of warming.
These relationships vary between countries, as people in hotter regions are generally better adapted to extreme heat.
By combining the data on local warming due to deforestation, temperature-mortality relationships and the non-accidental mortality data, the authors calculated how many non-accidental deaths would have been expected in deforested regions if they had not warmed due to the loss of forest cover.
By comparing the real and counterfactual mortality rates, the authors were able to calculate the total mortality burden due to tropical deforestation-induced warming.
Overall, the authors find that tropical deforestation drove an additional 28,300 deaths every year over 2001-20, accounting for 39% of the total heat-related mortality from global climate change and deforestation combined over locations of forest loss.
The study finds that, on average, six out of every 100,000 people living in deforested areas died as a result of deforestation-induced warming. However, these numbers vary by country.
The chart below shows the average annual deaths due to deforestation-induced heat per 100,000 people living in areas of forest loss.
Dr Carly Reddington is a research fellow at the University of Leeds and lead author of the study. She tells Carbon Brief that it is the “first study to look at human health impacts of tropical deforestation-induced warming”.
Dr Nicholas Wolff, a climate change scientist at the Nature Conservancy who was not involved with the study, tells Carbon Brief that the paper is “sobering”. He adds that it “reframes tropical deforestation as not only a carbon emissions and ecological issue, but also a critical public health concern”.
Data-scarce
The authors note that there are no country-specific heat vulnerability indices available for African countries. To develop their data for African countries, they used the average heat vulnerability index for South America.
Reddington tells Carbon Brief that Africa is the most “uncertain region” in the study and tells Carbon Brief that “more data is really crucial” to develop more accurate estimates.
Wolff tells Carbon Brief that extrapolating heat-mortality relationships “from data-rich regions to data-poor ones” is a “common practice in global-scale climate-health research”.
He praises the overall methodology as “innovative, transparent and scientifically sound, with appropriate caveats”.
Dr Luke Parsons, a climate modelling scientist at the Nature Conservancy, tells Carbon Brief that the conclusions are “robust”. However, he notes some “methodological issues” with the paper, such as the fact that all results are modelled, rather than measured.
He tells Carbon Brief that future work could assess “near-surface air temperature and humidity changes associated with deforestation, as well as study regional air temperature changes beyond deforested areas”.
While the new study focuses on warming within one square kilometre of forest loss, Reddington tells Carbon Brief that “deforestation is associated with warming up to 100km away”.
Furthermore, the study notes that the increase in deaths due to excess heat is likely to affect the most vulnerable members of society the most. It says:
“Vulnerable populations, particularly traditional and Indigenous communities, often live near deforested areas and face limited access to resources and infrastructure needed to cope with the combination of rising temperatures and environmental changes caused by deforestation and climate change.”
Wolff also stresses this disparity, adding that “many of these communities depend on forest clearing for agriculture, income and survival, and are forced to make difficult choices between short-term economic needs and long-term health and environmental stability”.
The authors also note that deforestation can drive a range of other interacting health problems, which were not considered in this study. For example, deforestation is linked to a rise in zoonotic diseases, such as malaria.
Dr Vikki Thompson, a climate scientist at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute who was not involved in the study, says that the findings of the paper are “relevant to everyone”. She continues:
“We can reduce impacts of extreme heat by planting more trees and reducing deforestation everywhere, on both local and international scales.”
The post Warming due to tropical deforestation linked to 28,000 ‘excess’ deaths per year appeared first on Carbon Brief.
Warming due to tropical deforestation linked to 28,000 ‘excess’ deaths per year
Global warming has hit “a milestone” as average temperatures have exceeded the critical 1.5C threshold for the longest period yet, European scientists warned on Wednesday.
According to the EU’s Earth observation service Copernicus, 2025 ranks as the third-warmest year on record, behind 2023 and 2024, with global temperatures averaging more than the Paris Agreement’s most ambitious limit for the first time over a three-year period.
“Exceeding a three-year average of 1.5C above pre-industrial levels is a milestone none of us wished to reach,” said Mauro Facchini, head of the Unit for Earth Observation in the European Commission.
Samantha Burgess, deputy director at Copernicus, said the last three years had been “exceptionally warm” as a result of the record amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily caused by burning fossil fuels, as well as record ocean heat, fuelled in part by the El Niño weather pattern.
“New era of climate extremes” as global warming fuels devastating impacts in 2025
In 2025, global temperatures were 1.47 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, slightly cooler than in 2023 and 0.13C lower than in 2024, the hottest year on record, according to the Copernicus analysis.
Temperatures in tropical regions in 2025 were lower than in 2023 and 2024, influenced by a weak La Niña, which is when surface waters in the Pacific Ocean are cooler than usual.
Paris pact’s 1.5C goal to be breached this decade
When governments adopted the 2015 Paris Agreement, they committed to holding the increase in the global average temperature to “well below 2C above pre-industrial levels” and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5C.
Scientists with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the World Meteorological Organisation say that temperature increases should be measured over 20-year periods, meaning that a one-year or a three-year breach does not mean the Paris targets have been missed.
But the European agency expects that, based on the current rate of warming, the world will reach the threshold of long-term warming above 1.5C before the end of 2029, over a decade earlier than scientists had predicted at the time the Paris accord was signed.
“The expectation was that emissions would be reduced more rapidly than what we’ve observed over the last decade,” said Burgess. “That’s really the big difference between where we thought the world would look back in 2015, versus where it looks now at the beginning of 2026.”
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For the first time last year, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres conceded that a “temporary overshoot” of the 1.5C warming threshold was inevitable, starting in the early 2030s at the latest. He told global leaders gathered at the COP30 summit in November that failure to curb global heating amounted to “moral failure and deadly negligence”.
Commenting on the Copernicus findings, Helen Clarkson, CEO of the US-based Climate Group, which builds networks working for net-zero emissions, said the average of 1.5C of warming over the past three years showed “the warnings of scientists are becoming a dangerous reality”. Governments that do not act to cut emissions are putting their economic security at risk, she emphasised.
“Too many leaders are propping up fossil fuels, blocking people and businesses from accessing the cost savings and benefits of cheap, clean energy. But we can break this trend: accelerate the transition to renewables, electric cars and clean electrification,” she added.
Antarctic saw hottest year on record
Scientists have warned that, while the temperature limit is not a cliff edge, every additional fraction of a degree of warming increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts and storms, triggering severe impacts.
In 2025, polar regions experienced significant temperature anomalies, with the Antarctic seeing its hottest year on record and the Arctic its second-warmest, the Copernicus analysis found. That partly offset the less extreme temperatures observed in tropical regions last year.
Global warming is causing the world’s ice caps to melt at an accelerating pace. In February 2025, the combined sea ice cover from both poles fell to its lowest value since at least the start of satellite observations in the late 1970s, the EU agency said.
Burgess expects that 2026 will be among the top five warmest years, with temperatures comparable to 2025, but she noted it is too early to tell how natural climate cycles will develop over the coming months and affect human-made global warming.
The longer-term trend, however, is for continued rises in temperatures, she said.
“When we look at the continued rate of emissions from countries around the world, the reality is, unfortunately, that the last three years we have experienced – when we look back in five years’ time – will be cooler than average rather than continue to be exceptional,” she told journalists.
The post Global warming topped key 1.5C limit over last three years, EU scientists say appeared first on Climate Home News.
Global warming topped key 1.5C limit over last three years, EU scientists say
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Several annual international climate reports released Tuesday indicate that relentless human-caused warming continued in 2025, especially in the oceans and at the poles.
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