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Azerbaijan’s COP29 presidency claimed an early win at the start of the climate summit when countries waved through long-awaited – and controversial – rules laying the foundations for a new UN carbon market, without any debate.

But the approval of the documents setting out key guidelines – or “standards” – for the development of carbon credit projects and carbon removal activities provoked strong opposing reactions.

For some, including proponents of carbon credits and the COP29 presidency itself, the adoption late on the first day of the talks in Baku was a major “breakthrough” that ended a years-long deadlock and paved the way to raise hundreds of billions of dollars for climate action.

“This will be a game-changing tool to direct resources to the developing world,” COP29 President Mukhtar Babayev said.

UN climate chief Simon Stiell told reporters at a press conference on Tuesday that “this is not some bit of arcane UN bureaucracy”, but something that could help countries implement their climate plans “faster and cheaper”.

The Azerbaijan COP presidency put a number to that assertion, claiming that “co-operation across borders” under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement using carbon credits could reduce the cost of carrying out national climate plans by $250 billion every year.

That figure comes from a theoretical modelling exercise conducted in 2019 by the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA), a pro-carbon market group that counts among its members many of the world’s largest fossil fuel companies, including Saudi Aramco, ExxonMobil, Shell and BP.

Climate Home spoke to one carbon market expert who raised doubts over the $250-billion figure due to the number of assumptions made in the study that could be out-of-date by now.

“Rushed” approval

Many close watchers of carbon market talks strongly objected to the “unprecedented” decision to greenlight the rules in the opening plenary of COP29, bypassing the scrutiny of negotiators and observer groups. They voiced concerns not only about the risk of the resulting carbon credit projects producing dubious emission reductions and dragging down climate ambition, but also about the precedent this move sets.

“This decision should have not been rushed through without giving the space to adequately discuss the issues,” said Trishant Dev, programme officer for carbon markets at the Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). “Especially as, in previous years, several countries objected to the inadequate nature of these standards.”

Maria AlJishi, chair of the Article 6.4 Supervisory Body, speaking after a decision on carbon markets was adopted. Photo: UN Climate Change – Kiara Worth

While it caught many by surprise on Monday, the fast-tracked adoption of the rules stemmed from a strategic move made nearly a month ago by the Supervisory Body tasked with overseeing the development of the Article 6.4 crediting mechanism.

After several days of drawn-out discussions, this technical panel decided to directly adopt guidance on carbon-credit methodologies and carbon removals as “standards”, rather than forwarding it as a proposal to be fought over at COP.

Government negotiators were therefore presented with a complete document that they could either accept or reject as a whole without re-arranging any of its contents. They opted for the former, with a strong nudge from the Azerbaijan presidency that has made the “operationalisation” of Article 6 one of its top targets for the climate summit.

More work to be done

While the decision at COP29 rubber-stamped the Supervisory Body’s approval, countries left the door open to asking the technical committee to add more provisions or stronger guardrails on top of the adopted rules. Negotiators will discuss over the next two weeks whether and how to take this forward.

But, regardless of this COP’s outcomes, carbon market experts also urged caution over what Monday’s decision means for long-running efforts to turn the UN carbon market into a reality, as several key building blocks still need to be agreed on before credits can be traded.

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“This was certainly one of the biggest steps in terms of operationalising Article 6.4,” Jonathan Crook, a policy expert at Carbon Market Watch, told Climate Home. “However, it’s not like starting in January we’ll see this market up-and-running. We’re quite a long way from there”.

Technical committees operating within the Supervisory Body still need to develop and approve a series of “tools” that developers of carbon credit projects will have to apply to demonstrate that emission reductions or removals are credible, durable and do not create any unintended harm. Additionally, the registry where the credits will be physically traded has not yet been created.

“I wouldn’t expect all of that to be completed before the end of next year, if not 2026,” said Crook.

‘Junk’ credits revived

The first batch of credits likely to be traded under the new UN carbon market are old offsets originally developed under the Kyoto Protocol-era’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), starting from the early 2000s. Over 1,200 CDM projects are currently waiting for approval from their host countries to transition into the new system.

Nearly four-fifths of these are renewable energy activities, like solar power plants or wind farms, which experts believe have produced “junk” offsets because the income from the carbon markets was not needed to build them and therefore does not produce “additional” emissions reductions.

Maria AlJishi, chair of the Supervisory Body, said at a press conference in Baku on Tuesday that the adoption of the standards on COP29’s opening day would enable the process of switching CDM projects to the Article 6.4 mechanism to continue.

“This means hopefully that we could be seeing the first issuance of 6.4 credits soon,” she added.

(Reporting by Matteo Civillini; editing by Megan Rowling)

The post Is COP29 “breakthrough” on UN carbon market all it seems? appeared first on Climate Home News.

Is COP29 “breakthrough” on UN carbon market all it seems?

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Nature cannot be ignored by Europe’s next big budget

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Adeline Rochet is a programme manager for the Corporate Leaders Group Europe, a business coalition driving the transition to a sustainable, competitive, and resilient economy convened by the University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL).

Europe’s economy depends on the natural world functioning as it should, but the effects of climate change risk undermining increasingly delicate ecosystems. Talks about the European Union’s next long-term budget miss this fact.

Climate-related losses in the EU have already reached €822 billion since 1980, with a quarter of that damage concentrated in just the past four years. Ecosystems are under increasing pressure: more than 80% of protected habitats are in poor condition, soils are degrading and water stress is rising across the continent.

The latest state of the climate report by the EU’s Earth monitoring service Copernicus confirms this worrying state of affairs: 95% of Europe experienced above-average temperatures in 2025.

Economic exposure to nature-related risk is also growing. Businesses, banks and insurers are beginning to reflect this in their risk assessments.

So, will the policymakers in charge of developing the European Union’s next big budget integrate this vision? We are in the midst of finding out.

    Every seven years, the EU must negotiate a new budget that will help fund priorities over a seven-year-long period. The current one, which runs out next year, is worth more than a trillion euros.

    Talks about the next multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2028-2034 are now getting serious and the initial outline of this new budget shows it will focus on competitiveness, resilience and prosperity.

    But, as the European Parliament adopted its negotiating position for the crunch budget talks and EU member states shape their approach ahead of a Council meeting on May 26, it is clear that the positioning of nature within this framework is strategically underestimated.

    Why nature impacts economic growth 

    Back in 2022, France’s nuclear power output was severely affected when heatwaves drove up the temperature of the rivers used to cool atomic reactors, impacting other European countries too. This was particularly poor timing given the energy price crisis triggered earlier that year by Russia’s illegal invasion of Ukraine.

    Low river levels caused by drought have also heavily impacted economic activity and growth in countries like Germany, due to the negative effect on inland trade, while degraded fields in the Netherlands combined with heavy rainfall have ruined potato harvests.

    These examples show that we cannot detach the health of the European economy from the good functioning of nature.

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    Nearly three-quarters of businesses in the eurozone rely directly on ecosystem services such as clean water, fertile soils and pollination. That dependency extends into the financial system, where around 75% of bank lending is exposed to companies dependent on these natural assets.

    They entirely underpin supply chains and financial stability across the European economy. If load-bearing ecosystems collapse, businesses not only face disruption in their own operations, but they will also be exposed to failures from suppliers and customers.

    This is not just a risk for individual companies, it is a threat for the whole system.

    A budget that looks greener than it is

    According to the latest proposals for the next MFF, a single 35% climate and environmental target will replace priorities that used to have distinct funding. As it stands, biodiversity has a 10% target, yet spending has struggled to reach even 8%, already showing how easily it is put to one side in practice.

    In the new framework, biodiversity is absorbed into a broader category with no separate tracking or visibility. Dedicated instruments are folded into larger funding envelopes, and nature-based investments are placed in direct and distorted competition with industrial projects.

    These are often faster to deploy and easier to measure, making them more attractive.

    Headline figures reinforce some appearance of ambition, with €587–635 billion allocated to climate and environmental objectives. But since these are aggregated numbers, they do not show how much will reach ecosystem conservation or restoration.

    Less visibility, weaker accountability

    Biodiversity funding also remains structurally fragile, with around 80% concentrated in agriculture policy rather than supported by a diversified investment strategy.

    This shift is structural: nature has been relegated from a defined priority to a mere discretionary allocation, and the governance model reinforces this dynamic.

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    Greater reliance on National and Regional Partnership Plans (NRPPs) moves decision-making into national spending choices, where fiscal and domestic political pressure will likely mean long-term ecosystem investments struggle to compete with short-term economic demands.

    The current MFF paints a worrying picture of structural triple risk for nature: reduced visibility, increased competition for funding and weaker accountability.

    Nature is critical infrastructure

    It is a point worth reiterating: investment in nature offers clear economic returns. Healthy ecosystems drive resilience by reducing exposure to climate damage and supporting local economic activity.

    Public finance plays a decisive role in enabling these investments at scale, making budget design a question of risk management and capital allocation.

    Nature-based solutions already perform essential economic functions. They regulate water systems, restore carbon sinks, provide a buffer against extreme weather events and support agricultural productivity.

    These are characteristics of infrastructure. Energy systems, transport networks and digital capacity are treated as strategic investments because they underpin competitiveness.

    Natural systems play the exact same role, so why does the current budget plan not reflect this?

    The next EU budget will shape investment for the decade ahead. Its structure will determine how risks are managed and where capital flows. Nature cannot be erased in favour of competing short-term priorities.

    In the upcoming negotiations, European leaders still have the option to treat nature as a structural objective and a core asset, supporting Europe’s resilience and long-term competitiveness. But they must act now, before it’s too late.

    The post Nature cannot be ignored by Europe’s next big budget appeared first on Climate Home News.

    https://www.climatechangenews.com/2026/05/25/nature-cannot-be-ignored-by-europes-next-big-budget/

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    In Florida, an Agricultural Town in Need of an Economic Boost Eyes Hyperscale Data Centers

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    Across the state’s heartland, communities such as Indiantown are weighing proposals for hyperscale data centers. The massive facilities would reshape Florida’s rural lands.

    INDIANTOWN, Fla.—Carroll McAllister frets over the prospect of a hyperscale data center opening next to the grassy expanse where she grew up, in a shack her father built.

    In Florida, an Agricultural Town in Need of an Economic Boost Eyes Hyperscale Data Centers

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    Climate Change

    USDA Extends Pause on Loans for Controversial Digesters That Turn Manure Into Biogas

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    Anaerobic digester loans showed “significant delinquency rates,” the U.S. Department of Agriculture said, while environmental groups see the technology driving an expansion of large-scale animal farming operations.

    The federal government’s pause on new loans for anaerobic digesters, the controversial method of converting animal manure from large-scale feeding operations into biogas, will now extend through the end of the year.

    USDA Extends Pause on Loans for Controversial Digesters That Turn Manure Into Biogas

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