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The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a vast system of ocean currents that helps to distribute heat around the world.

By transporting warm water from the tropics northwards and cold water back southwards, the AMOC keeps Europe warm and plays a role in controlling global rainfall.

It connects into an even larger network of ocean currents that continuously moves water, nutrients and carbon around the world.

Now, the AMOC is under threat from human-caused climate change, as warming seas, melting ice and increased rainfall upset the temperature and salt balance of the North Atlantic.

Scientists have warned that the ocean currents are slowing down – and could eventually become so frail that they no longer transport heat around the globe.

A growing body of research has suggested that, with enough warming, the AMOC could reach a “tipping point” and transition to a weak state for many centuries.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected that the AMOC will decline over the course of the 21st century as the world warms.

However, whether – and when – currents might “collapse” remains a subject of debate.

The IPCC says a “collapse” before 2100 is unlikely.

However, some scientists have argued climate change could force the AMOC past a “point of no return” over the coming decades that could usher it towards a “shutdown” next century.

A major slowdown or “tipping” of the AMOC could have grave consequences for European temperatures, causing them to plunge – despite global warming.

It could also affect global food supply, sea level rise and global rainfall patterns, or even act as a catalyst that sets off a series of other catastrophic climate “tipping points”.

Below, Carbon Brief explains what the AMOC is and how it is being impacted by climate change.

The article also explores scientific debates around the future of the AMOC, including what the latest research says about the possibility and consequences of a collapse of the ocean currents.

To read the full article, click here: https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/amoc-explainer/index.html

The post AMOC: Is global warming tipping key Atlantic ocean currents towards ‘collapse’? appeared first on Carbon Brief.

https://www.carbonbrief.org/amoc-is-global-warming-tipping-key-atlantic-ocean-currents-towards-collapse/

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Live from LCAW – Raw diplomacy: Can new mineral alliances deliver a just energy transition?

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Join us for an afternoon of high-level discussions at London Climate Action Week on what resource-rich developing countries need to make new critical mineral partnerships genuinely beneficial.

We are bringing together high-level speakers from mineral producing countries, the finance sector, the UN and civil society to reflect on the latest developments in resource diplomacy and ask what’s next for mineral governance.

Agenda

02:00 PM
Welcome
MC, Gabriela Flores, NRGI

02:00 PM – 02:30 PM
In conversation: Minerals governance – what’s next?
Celine Kauffman, IDDRI, Patrick Schröder, Chatham House, Sascha Raabe, UNIDO (online), Moderated by Chloé Farand, Climate Home News

We will explore G7 outcomes and the practical steps the G7 and G20 can take to advance mineral governance and responsible mining, with a spotlight on how the UK can seize its 2027 G20 presidency to drive this critical agenda forward.

02:30 PM – 03:00 PM
Tracking allegations of abuse in mining for transition minerals
Phil Bloomer, BHRC, Ketakandriana Rafitoson, Resource Justice Network

The Business and Human Rights Centre presents its 2026 Transition Minerals Tracker update and unveils new data on allegations of human rights abuse linked to the extraction of bauxite, cobalt, copper, iron ore, lithium, manganese, nickel, rare earth elements and zinc – and the companies behind them.

03:00 PM – 03:30 PM
Break

03:30 PM – 04:30 PM
Can finance clean up mining? The role of investors and lenders
Stephen Barrie, Church of England Pensions Board/ Global, Pavel Laberko, Emerging Markets Investors Alliance, Margaux Day, Accountability Counsel

Finance can be a powerful force for raising environmental and social standards in mining — but only if financial actors remain in the sector rather than walking away. This session examines how investors and lenders can drive accountability and responsible practices in transition minerals, and whether the answer lies in divestment, engagement, or stronger oversight from civil society. Moderated by Caroline Avan, BHRC.

04:30 PM – 05:50 PM
What should equitable mineral partnerships look like?
Eric Ngang, African Resources Watch (Afrewatch), Thomas Scurfield, NRGI , Tobias Musonda, Director of Policy and Planning, Zambia , Wen-Yu Weng, Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

As demand for critical minerals surges, the race to secure supply chains risks repeating the extractive models of the past. This session cuts to the heart of what truly equitable mineral partnerships look like — and what it will take to to move from principle to practice. Moderated by Chloé Farand, Climate Home News

06:00 PM
Closing
Amir Shafaie, NRGI

The post <span style="color: #F39200;">Live from LCAW</span> – Raw diplomacy: Can new mineral alliances deliver a just energy transition? appeared first on Climate Home News.

Live from LCAW – Raw diplomacy: Can new mineral alliances deliver a just energy transition?

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COP31 presidency ‘open’ to reflecting Santa Marta in UN climate process, ministers say

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Colombia and the Netherlands, which co-hosted the first conference the first conference on transitioning away from fossil fuels earlier this year, say they have held “constructive” discussions on bringing the meeting’s outcomes to the COP31 climate summit.

Speaking on the sidelines of London Climate Action Week, the outgoing Colombian environment minister and Dutch climate policy minister, said COP31 presidencies Australia and Türkiye were “open” to suggestions on how to reflect the discussions in Santa Marta on transitioning away from coal, oil and gas at the end-of-year summit.

What format this might take, “we don’t know yet,” said Colombian minister Irene Vélez Torres.

“We had this very interesting conversation with COP31 and they were clearly open for suggestions about what is needed in the discussion in Türkiye, and we were explicit about the need to engage with the phasing out of fossil fuels,” she said.

    Australia and Türkiye will jointly preside over the COP31 climate conference, which is taking place in the Turkish resort city of Antalya in November. Türkiye will lead on the action agenda, referring to initiatives that lie outside of the formal negotiations, while Australia will chair the negotiations.

    Dutch minister Stientje van Veldhoven said the outcomes of the Santa Marta conference could be part of COP31’s action agenda,

    “We are here to facilitate action on one particular part of what COP has agreed to do, namely transitioning away fossil fuels so there is a very logical connection to the COP process, and we will make sure that we continue to bring this coalition of the willing, this coalition of the doers back into the COP process,” she said.

    At the event in London, UN secretary-general António Guterres urged countries to reduce their fossil fuel dependencies, arguing that “economies based on renewables are much more secure than economies based on the imports of fossil fuels”. He added that the transition to renewables is “unstoppable”.

    European, island states seek clear future for global roadmap to cut fossil fuels

    Including the fossil fuel transition in UN climate negotiations, rather than the action agenda, is likely to be controversial among governments. While nations agreed to transition away from fossil fuels at COP28, at COP30 last year Saudi Arabia, Russia and others successfully opposed a push to agree for a roadmap to be drawn up on how to meet this goal.

    Despite the lack of agreement, the Brazilian government which presided over COP30, is drawing up a global roadmap. But the Russian government has said it opposes this roadmap being referenced in UN climate talks.

    Finding agreement on referencing the Santa Marta process in UN climate talks is also likely to be difficult. Last week in Bonn, the chair of the African Group of Negotiators, Antwi-Boasiako Amoah from Ghana, criticised “minilateral initiatives and coalitions of the willing” as distracting political attention and lacking the legitimacy that comes from multilateral climate negotiations, where any country can veto anything.

    Strengthening the COP process

    The Santa Marta conference kick-started a diplomatic process outside of the formal UN climate negotiations to offer a space for governments to make progress and find solutions to wean their economies away from fossil fuels.

    Around 60 countries, including many large fossil-fuel producers attended the meeting after being frustrated by failed attempts to get UN climate talks to sign off on the global roadmap away from fossil fuels. They agreed to work towards voluntary national roadmaps away from fossil fuels.

    A 170-page report summarising the outcome of the conference published on Tuesday says that the Santa Marta coalition of countries will seek to influence the formal UN negotiations.

    The report says Colombia proposed to build “a strong coalition to bring these discussions to the second Global Stocktake”, a process in which countries will review climate progress and agree on measures forward at COP33 in 2028.

    A sign shows the logo and themes of the First Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels in Santa Marta, Colombia
    A sign shows the logo and themes of the First Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels in Santa Marta, Colombia, April 2026 (Photo: Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development)

    Colombia also suggested organizing “a high-level event during the next COP presidency” to discuss Santa Marta outcomes, while Italy proposed an event during the UN General Assembly.

    “We will make sure that Santa Marta conference is not a separate, parallel process to the COP” but “strengthens” the negotiations without becoming a formal part of them, said van Veldhoven, adding that the process will remain “a conversation” to demonstrate that transforming economies away from fossil fuels is possible.

    COP30 CEO Ana Toni from Brazil told a separate event in London that the response to the second Global Stocktake “will probably need several pages” to deliver an agreed commitment to transition away from fossil fuels. The Santa Marta report says that Brazil’s global roadmap should also be included in the response.

    Colombian election signals u-turn

    Colombia, which has been one of the most proactive countries promoting a global transition away from fossil fuels, is likely to reverse course after the election of right-wing candidate Abelardo de la Espriella as the country’s new president at a general election on Sunday.

    The newly elected president has branded himself as an ally of US president Donald Trump, and has promised to reverse a current halt on new coal, oil and gas licenses, as well as venture into “responsible fracking” without overlapping with protected areas or high-mountain páramo ecosystems.

    Vélez Torres said the current Colombian government has already “delivered to the international community and to our sub-national forces, social forces, movements, academia” a process to keep the energy transition moving forward.

    She told Climate Home News she hoped the work the government had done could be picked up by social movements in Colombia to demand change from the incoming government. “What we did cannot be erased, and we have had our voices heard, and we have been as radical as any other government could have been.”

    The minister said the elections have left the country facing a “dark night” that “can really shift the politics in terms of energy transition and environmental protection”, but said she is certain that their “legacy will continue being there”.

    The post COP31 presidency ‘open’ to reflecting Santa Marta in UN climate process, ministers say appeared first on Climate Home News.

    COP31 presidency ‘open’ to reflecting Santa Marta in UN climate process, ministers say

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    FOIs show fossil fuel “rust bucket” Northern Endeavour shipped 17,000 kms from Australia with toxic, corrosive substances

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    SYDNEY, WEDNESDAY 24 JUNE 2026 — Freedom of Information documents obtained by Greenpeace Nordic reveal Australian oil processing vessel Northern Endeavour was carrying toxic waste when it was shipped across the world to Denmark, and its export by the Australian Government may have breached the Basel Convention.

    The Northern Endeavour, a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel, which arrived at a Danish port in March, was found through FOIs to be carrying flammable liquids, poisonous substances, corrosive substances, toxins and ecotoxins, and its documentation was not signed by Australia’s Basel Competent Authority despite the shipment originating from an Australian offshore decommissioning project.

    This week, Greenpeace Nordic protested the arrival of the Northern Endeavour to Frederikshavn Harbour in Denmark, displaying a two meter-long banner reading, “Australia, deal with your own toxic waste.”

    Lauren Bowey, Campaign Leader at Greenpeace Nordic, said: “This issue is urgent –- Australia has 5.7 million tonnes of offshore oil and gas infrastructure to recycle — the steel equivalent of 110 Sydney Harbour Bridges and 11 more FPSOs like the Northern Endeavour. It cannot become a precedent that Australia puts the world’s oceans at risk by towing old, toxic oil and gas industry waste halfway across the world to Denmark.

    “Of course these offshore structures should be decommissioned; leaving rusting industrial equipment to rot at sea poses serious and long-lasting environmental threats. But there is a safer solution than towing a 274 metre toxic rust bucket 17,000 kilometres across vulnerable international waters to Denmark. Australia must build its own recycling centre.”

    Greenpeace Australia Pacific is renewing its calls for a decommissioning hub in Western Australia.

    Geoff Bice, WA Lead at Greenpeace Australia Pacific, said: “The Northern Endeavour is a prime example of why oil and gas companies can not be trusted with our oceans, and why the Australian Government needs to establish a local decommissioning industry.

    “In this case, gas corporation Woodside shirked its responsibilities and sold the Northern Endeavour to a company that could not afford to properly decommission it. The government then chose to ship the vessel, including the toxic waste onboard, halfway across the planet for decommissioning rather than deal with it at home.

    “Australia must stop outsourcing the decommissioning of fossil fuel infrastructure and commit to a local industry. Maritime workers and local businesses would benefit from the sustainable jobs going their way, and Australia would seize a major untapped source of scrap steel — 5.7 million tonnes worth.

    “Strong regulation and investment in local decommissioning would reduce risks to marine environments, prevent operators from delaying or avoiding the responsibility of decommissioning their infrastructure, and ensure industrial waste is not left to corrode in the ocean.”

    -ENDS-

    Images of Greenpeace Nordic’s protest can be found here

    Media contact

    Emma Sangalli on 0431 513 465 or emma.sangalli@greenpeace.org

    FOIs show fossil fuel “rust bucket” Northern Endeavour shipped 17,000 kms from Australia with toxic, corrosive substances

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