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China Briefing handpicks and explains the most important climate and energy stories from China over the past fortnight. Subscribe for free here.
Key developments
Emissions halt in China
PEAK OR PLATEAU?: A new analysis for Carbon Brief found that China’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were kept “below the previous year’s levels in the last 10 months of 2024” due to a “record surge of clean energy”. (Read more about the surge below.) The author Lauri Myllyvirta, lead analyst at the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), said that clean energy would “accelerate” in 2025 as “largescale wind, solar and nuclear projects race to finish before the 14th five-year plan period comes to an end”. Combined with slowing electricity demand growth, this would be expected to push coal-power output into decline, Myllyvirta said. However, he added that “another period of industrial demand growth driven by government stimulus efforts could change this picture, particularly if the real-estate slump turns around”. In a newly published Carbon Brief interview, Tsinghua University’s Prof Wang Can said that China’s emissions were “close to…the peak”.
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FALLING COAL?: A Reuters article citing several other analysts said coal generation is “set to fall in 2025 for the first time in a decade”, although there is “caution” that “extreme weather or stronger than expected industrial growth could upend that forecast”. The China Electricity Council forecast that electricity demand would grow by 6% in 2025, down from 6.8% in 2024, China energy news reported. Soaring renewable expansion makes it “clear” that China’s future “electric power system” will have non-fossil energy being the “main supply” and fossil-fuel being the “[energy security] guarantee”, according to an article published by industry news outlet BJX News. For now, however, a “more aggressive wave of coal power infrastructure construction is on its way” to keep up with rising electricity demand and more extreme weather events, added the article.
Clean energy surge
RENEWABLES RISE 25%: About 357 gigawatts (GW) of solar and wind was built in China last year, reported the Associated Press citing data from China’s National Energy Administration (NEA). The NEA’s data showed that, as of the end of 2024, the capacity of renewable energy reached 1,889GW, up 25% year-on-year and accounting for about 56% of the total capacity, reported Jiemian. In addition, the capacity of “new energy storage” surpassed 70GW, Xinhua said.
GERMAN-SIZED GROWTH: The clean-energy capacity completed in 2024, including new nuclear, is sufficient to generate around 500 terawatt hours (TWh) per year, the Carbon Brief analysis showed – equivalent to the total annual power output of Germany. In 2025, China is set to add enough to generate 600TWh per year, roughly twice the output of the UK.
‘SUPER DAM’ DOUBTS: Meanwhile, “concerns” over China’s proposed “super dam” in Tibet, which could produce 300TWh of electricity annually, continued to rise, according to the New York Times, “in part, because Beijing has said so little about it”. The dam would be built on the Yarlung Tsangpo river, which flows into India and Bangladesh, added the newspaper. Randhir Jaiswal, spokesperson for India’s foreign ministry, criticised the “mega project with a lot of ecological disturbances” for not taking “the interests of the lower riparian states” into account, reported the Financial Times. The newspaper added that India “fears…[it] could spur floods and water scarcity downstream”. Prof Y Nithiyanandam of Indian thinktank the Takshashila Institution wrote in a comment for the New Indian Express that the Yarlung Tsangpo basin is already “vulnerable” to “climate change and disasters”, which together “rais[e] serious questions about the long-term viability and safety of the project”.
US-China tariff tensions
TRUMP TARIFF RETALIATION: In response to the Trump administration imposing an additional 10% tariff on Chinese imports, China announced duties of 10-15% on US fossil fuels and certain other goods, the Financial Times reported, adding that the scope was “limited…in a possible attempt to avoid a full-blown trade war”. Coal and liquified natural gas (LNG) will face an additional 15% tariff, while crude oil, agricultural machinery and some cars will bear an extra 10%, the newspaper continued. China was the second-largest buyer of US coal in the first three quarters of 2024 after India, the report added.
‘EFFECTIVELY DEAD’: In a comment for Reuters, columnist Clyde Russell said that while the fossil-fuel trade between the two countries was now “effectively dead”, “the immediate impact of China’s measures…is likely to be limited”, given that China’s oil purchases from the US make up less than 2% of its imports, LNG volumes are “modest” and the US is “little more than a fringe supplier” of coal to the country.
CRITICAL MINERALS: Meanwhile, China announced additional controls on more than two dozen rare metal products and technologies, according to the Financial Times. “Molybdenum and indium-related items” – materials used to make low-carbon technologies including wind turbines – were on the list published by the Chinese communist party-affiliated newspaper People’s Daily. For now, the new controls mirror earlier restrictions, which added paperwork but – per previous Carbon Brief analysis – only temporarily interrupted critical mineral trade flows.
Money, money, money
LARGEST MARKET: Chinese investment in the low-carbon transition “grew 20% last year, accounting for $134bn of the $202bn global increase”, the Financial Times reported, citing new figures from data provider BloombergNEF. The report found that mainland China was the “largest market for investment” in the energy transition, accounting for $818bn out of a global total that surpassed $2tn for the first time in 2024. BusinessGreen said that global investment levels were only at 37% of the level needed to meet global targets, according to a separate BloombergNEF report, with China “the closest to being on track”.
OVERSEAS INVESTMENT: China signed new clean energy- and environment-related contracts with other countries worth just over $49bn in 2024, up 13% year-on-year, the state-supporting Global Times said, citing China’s Ministry of Commerce. This outpaced the 1% growth in new overseas contracts overall, according to the newspaper. In addition, a “record amount of generation capacity” (24GW) was installed by Chinese companies in countries falling under China’s Belt and Road Initiative in 2024, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported. About 52% of the projects “employed renewable sources”, while 48% were fossil fuel-based, it added. Dialogue Earth reported that, between 2006 and 2022, 86% of the approximately $9bn that Chinese entities invested in Indonesia’s energy sector focused on fossil fuels, “leaving just 14% for renewables”.
Captured
China issued just under $57bn in “aid and subsidised credit”, predominantly loans, to other countries to develop mines for critical minerals between 2000 and 2021, according to a new dataset by AidData. Chinese-backed mining activity focused on “copper, cobalt, nickel, lithium and rare-earth elements”, for which it developed mines across 19 low-income and middle-income countries, noted a report accompanying the dataset. Loans made to the Middle East in 2000 and the Americas in 2014 are too small to be visible on the chart.
Spotlight
How ‘green’ is the 2025 Asian Winter Games?
The 9th Asian Winter Games will be held in Harbin, capital of the northmost province in China, bordering Russia, from tomorrow to 14 February.
Being “green and eco-friendly” is the city’s “principle” for hosting the event, according to the official report. In this issue, Carbon Brief explores the “green” efforts that have been made for this four-yearly multisports event.
‘100% green electricity’
China has hosted two Olympic games and three Asian Games. Similar to the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and 2023 Hangzhou Asian Summer Games, the 2025 Harbin Asian Winter Games has also claimed to be relying on “green electricity”.
State news agency Xinhua said it is the “first time in history that 100% green electricity will be guaranteed during the Asian Winter Games, covering both the venue renovations and the games’ operations”.
Harbin is the biggest city in the province of Heilongjiang. From January to October 2024, Heilongjiang produced 103,710 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity, according to commercial data provider Hua Jing.
“Green electricity” from wind, solar and hydropower contributed nearly 29% of the total output, it added, with coal at 71%. It also reported that thermal generation – mainly coal – was down 2% year-on-year, while wind was up 17%, solar 1% and hydro 6%.
The amount of electricity needed to run the games is small in comparison to these totals. The entire games, including preparations, would consume just 88GWh – less than 3% of the renewable electricity generated by the province in an average month.
However, whereas a new “green electricity grid” was built to power the Beijing Winter Olympics in 2022, Harbin does not appear to have commissioned specific new generating capacity or grid infrastructure as part of hosting the Asian winter games.
Instead, state-supported Science and Technology Daily reported that 73GWh of “green electricity” had been “traded” – bought from elsewhere – in order to “fully meet the green power demand” during the games.
‘New energy’ transport
Other than renewable electricity, the Harbin organisers also “introduced new-energy vehicles (NEVs) to cater to transportation needs” during the games.
NEVs include battery-electric (EVs), plug-in hybrids as well as fuel-cell electric vehicles, and emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel-powered cars.
In contrast to other recent games that mainly used EVs, the Harbin Games will employ more than 350 “methanol-hydrogen-electric hybrid” vehicles as the “official transport fleet” to ensure “eco-friendly, reliable travel even in temperatures as low as -20C”, according to state media CGTN. (EVs are also being used for these games.)
Methanol-hydrogen-electric vehicles, according to state-run China Daily, use methanol as a “liquid fuel” in place of petrol, but are otherwise similar to hybrid vehicles such as a Prius.
A more detailed commercial report said that Geely, the firm making the cars, is also participating in production plants where electrolytic hydrogen is combined with CO2 to produce “low-carbon methanol” to power the vehicles.
According to Geely, a first 100,000 tonnes-per-year demonstration phase of the Alxa “green methanol” project opened in Inner Mongolia in October 2024. The full 500,000t per year scheme is expected to cut CO2 emissions by 750,000 tonnes per year.
State media CGTN said the Harbin games would mark the “first large-scale use of methanol vehicles at an international event”.
The China Daily report also said that, “if widely adopted, these vehicles could help reduce oil imports by 125m tonnes annually and cut carbon emissions by 215m tonnes”.
More ‘greener’ winter games
Harbin is home to the world’s biggest snow and ice festival each year and hosted the 1996 Asian Winter Games.
Despite the city usually receiving consistent snowfall during winter, it still made up to 800,000 cubic metres of artificial snow as of January at its main skiing venue, Yabuli ski resort, for the 2025 event.
Scientists have warned that climate change will, over time, leave fewer places with enough natural snowfall for hosting winter sports.
Last year, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) warned that only 10 countries would be able to host snow sports by 2040 as a result of warming, BBC News reported.
The 2022 Winter Olympics sparked a backlash for being almost entirely dependent on artificial snow and ice, as its host city Beijing has received barely any snow in recent years.
At the time, the IOC defended the decision, saying artificial snow had been used for years and was needed “to get the right quality” for consistent race conditions.
The environmental impact of major international sporting events has been coming under increasing scrutiny.
The Paris 2024 Olympics emitted less than half the average of the 2012 and 2016 Olympics, according to Carbon Brief analysis.
The upcoming 2026 Milan Olympics is committed to “fighting climate change and protecting natural ecosystems”, while the 2028 games has announced a “no cars” ambition and plans to build a “greener Los Angeles”.
Watch, read, listen
‘CLIMATE LEADER’: A podcast from Singapore’s Straits Times asked: “Can China step up to become a climate leader?” It hosted Li Shuo, director of China Climate Hub at the Asia Society Policy Institute.
NUCLEAR FUSION: An article from thinktank MacroPolo explored whether China’s energy development model, which “marries state capital with iterative and process innovation in the private sector”, can “succeed in frontier energy technologies, particularly the holy grail of nuclear fusion”.
ENERGY STORAGE: The South China Morning Post published a comment by analyst Tim Daiss under the title: “How battery storage development can wean China off fossil fuels.”
STEEL REFORM: Shanghai-based media outlet the Paper explored decarbonisation pathways for the Chinese steel industry.
20,000
The number of petrol stations expected to close in China during the 15th “five-year plan” (2026-2030), out of 110,000 that are currently under operation, reported financial media Caijing. The closures are due to the rise of electric cars and LNG-fuelled trucks, which means that China’s demand for refined oil products is declining and its oil demand overall is “entering a peak plateau period”, added the report.
New science
Planted forests in China have higher drought risk than natural forests
Global Change Biology
Planted forests in China are less able to cope with drought than natural forests, according to new research. The study, which used satellite observations over 2001-20 to understand forest drought risk, found that planted forests exhibit lower drought resilience and resistance than natural forests, particularly subtropical broad-leaved evergreen and warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests. Lower forest canopy height and poorer soil nutrients are among the factors responsible for planted forests’ higher drought risk, according to the researchers. They emphasised the need for “enhanced [forest] management strategies” as droughts become more frequent and severe.
Temperature effects on peoples’ health and their adaptation: empirical evidence from China
Climate Change
Chinese residents “implement appropriate protective measures” when temperatures exceed 30C, but underestimate the risks posed by temperatures of 25-30C, a new study said. This can lead to “significant health issues”, the paper warned. The authors combined meteorological data with results from the China family panel survey, which includes data from around 33,500 adults on hospital stays and self-reported “unhealthy status”. The paper found that increased healthcare expenditure and reduced physical activity are “two possible ways in which residents respond to climate change”.
China Briefing is compiled by Wanyuan Song and Anika Patel. It is edited by Wanyuan Song and Dr Simon Evans. Please send tips and feedback to china@carbonbrief.org
The post China Briefing 6 February 2025: Emissions halt; ‘Green’ Asian Winter Games; US-China tariff war appeared first on Carbon Brief.
China Briefing 6 February 2025: Emissions halt; ‘Green’ Asian Winter Games; US-China tariff war
Drought and heatwaves occurring together – known as “compound” events – have “surged” across the world since the early 2000s, a new study shows.
Compound drought and heat events (CDHEs) can have devastating effects, creating the ideal conditions for intense wildfires, such as Australia’s “Black Summer” of 2019-20 where bushfires burned 24m hectares and killed 33 people.
The research, published in Science Advances, finds that the increase in CDHEs is predominantly being driven by events that start with a heatwave.
The global area affected by such “heatwave-led” compound events has more than doubled between 1980-2001 and 2002-23, the study says.
The rapid increase in these events over the last 23 years cannot be explained solely by global warming, the authors note.
Since the late 1990s, feedbacks between the land and the atmosphere have become stronger, making heatwaves more likely to trigger drought conditions, they explain.
One of the study authors tells Carbon Brief that societies must pay greater attention to compound events, which can “cause severe impacts on ecosystems, agriculture and society”.
Compound events
CDHEs are extreme weather events where drought and heatwave conditions occur simultaneously – or shortly after each other – in the same region.
These events are often triggered by large-scale weather patterns, such as “blocking” highs, which can produce “prolonged” hot and dry conditions, according to the study.
Prof Sang-Wook Yeh is one of the study authors and a professor at the Ewha Womans University in South Korea. He tells Carbon Brief:
“When heatwaves and droughts occur together, the two hazards reinforce each other through land-atmosphere interactions. This amplifies surface heating and soil moisture deficits, making compound events more intense and damaging than single hazards.”
CDHEs can begin with either a heatwave or a drought.
The sequence of these extremes is important, the study says, as they have different drivers and impacts.
For example, in a CDHE where the heatwave was the precursor, increased direct sunshine causes more moisture loss from soils and plants, leading to a drought.
Conversely, in an event where the drought was the precursor, the lack of soil moisture means that less of the sun’s energy goes into evaporation and more goes into warming the Earth’s surface. This produces favourable conditions for heatwaves.
The study shows that the majority of CDHEs globally start out as a drought.
In recent years, there has been increasing focus on these events due to the devastating impact they have on agriculture, ecosystems and public health.
In Russia in the summer of 2010, a compound drought-heatwave event – and the associated wildfires – caused the death of nearly 55,000 people, the study notes.
The record-breaking Pacific north-west “heat dome” in 2021 triggered extreme drought conditions that caused “significant declines” in wheat yields, as well as in barley, canola and fruit production in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, says the study.
Increasing events
To assess how CDHEs are changing, the researchers use daily reanalysis data to identify droughts and heatwaves events. (Reanalysis data combines past observations with climate models to create a historical climate record.) Then, using an algorithm, they analyse how these events overlap in both time and space.
The study covers the period from 1980 to 2023 and the world’s land surface, excluding polar regions where CDHEs are rare.
The research finds that the area of land affected by CDHEs has “increased substantially” since the early 2000s.
Heatwave-led events have been the main contributor to this increase, the study says, with their spatial extent rising 110% between 1980-2001 and 2002-23, compared to a 59% increase for drought-led events.
The map below shows the global distribution of CDHEs over 1980-2023. The charts show the percentage of the land surface affected by a heatwave-led CDHE (red) or a drought-led CDHE (yellow) in a given year (left) and relative increase in each CDHE type (right).
The study finds that CDHEs have occurred most frequently in northern South America, the southern US, eastern Europe, central Africa and south Asia.
Threshold passed
The authors explain that the increase in heatwave-led CDHEs is related to rising global temperatures, but that this does not tell the whole story.
In the earlier 22-year period of 1980-2001, the study finds that the spatial extent of heatwave-led CDHEs rises by 1.6% per 1C of global temperature rise. For the more-recent period of 2022-23, this increases “nearly eightfold” to 13.1%.
The change suggests that the rapid increase in the heatwave-led CDHEs occurred after the global average temperature “surpasse[d] a certain temperature threshold”, the paper says.
This threshold is an absolute global average temperature of 14.3C, the authors estimate (based on an 11-year average), which the world passed around the year 2000.
Investigating the recent surge in heatwave-leading CDHEs further, the researchers find a “regime shift” in land-atmosphere dynamics “toward a persistently intensified state after the late 1990s”.
In other words, the way that drier soils drive higher surface temperatures, and vice versa, is becoming stronger, resulting in more heatwave-led compound events.
Daily data
The research has some advantages over other previous studies, Yeh says. For instance, the new work uses daily estimations of CDHEs, compared to monthly data used in past research. This is “important for capturing the detailed occurrence” of these events, says Yeh.
He adds that another advantage of their study is that it distinguishes the sequence of droughts and heatwaves, which allows them to “better understand the differences” in the characteristics of CDHEs.
Dr Meryem Tanarhte is a climate scientist at the University Hassan II in Morocco, and Dr Ruth Cerezo Mota is a climatologist and a researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Both scientists, who were not involved in the study, agree that the daily estimations give a clearer picture of how CDHEs are changing.
Cerezo-Mota adds that another major contribution of the study is its global focus. She tells Carbon Brief that in some regions, such as Mexico and Africa, there is a lack of studies on CDHEs:
“Not because the events do not occur, but perhaps because [these regions] do not have all the data or the expertise to do so.”
However, she notes that the reanalysis data used by the study does have limitations with how it represents rainfall in some parts of the world.
Compound impacts
The study notes that if CDHEs continue to intensify – particularly events where heatwaves are the precursors – they could drive declining crop productivity, increased wildfire frequency and severe public health crises.
These impacts could be “much more rapid and severe as global warming continues”, Yeh tells Carbon Brief.
Tanarhte notes that these events can be forecasted up to 10 days ahead in many regions. Furthermore, she says, the strongest impacts can be prevented “through preparedness and adaptation”, including through “water management for agriculture, heatwave mitigation measures and wildfire mitigation”.
The study recommends reassessing current risk management strategies for these compound events. It also suggests incorporating the sequences of drought and heatwaves into compound event analysis frameworks “to enhance climate risk management”.
Cerezo-Mota says that it is clear that the world needs to be prepared for the increased occurrence of these events. She tells Carbon Brief:
“These [risk assessments and strategies] need to be carried out at the local level to understand the complexities of each region.”
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